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Divemaster Exam Revision > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Carotid Sinus Reflex results in what?

A

Carotid Sinus Reflex results in slowing of the heart.

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2
Q

The primary cause of Carotid Sinus Reflex is what?

A

The primary cause of Carotid Sinus Reflex is from wearing a tight fitting hood or wetsuit constricting blood flow.

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3
Q

When diving divers need to breath slowly and deeply to reduce the risk of what?

A

When diving divers need to breath slowly and deeply to reduce the risk of hypercapnia.

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4
Q

A well maintained regulator can reduce the risk of what when breathing underwater?

A

A well maintained regulator can reduce the risk of hypercapnia when breathing underwater.

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5
Q

Why is oxygen administered to divers suspected of having decompression illnesss?

A

Oxygen administered to divers suspected of having decompression illnesss because it lowers the partial pressure of nitrogen, which helps to safely accelerate the diffusion of nitrogen from the blood.

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6
Q

After a dive, even though divers do not display any DCI signs or symptom, there are tiny nitrogen bubbles referred to as what?

A

After a dive, even though divers do not display any DCI signs or symptom, there are tiny nitrogen bubbles referred to as silent bubbles.

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7
Q

What substance is contained within red blood cells that aids transportation of oxygen throughout the body?

A

The substance contained within red blood cells that aids transportation of oxygen throughout the body is hemoglobin.

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8
Q

Air bubbles blocking blood flow would would result in what type of lung over expansion injury?

A

Air bubbles blocking blood flow would would result in an Air Embolism.

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9
Q

What can an Air Embolism lung over expansion injury result in?

A

An Air Embolism lung over expansion injury can result in stroke and possibly death.

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10
Q

Divers having difficulty equlaising while descending, who forcefully blow against a pinched nose, have a high risk of what?

A

Divers having difficulty equalising while descending, who forcefully blow against a pinched nose, have a high risk of rupturing their ears round window.

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11
Q

If a diver has a rapid pulse, hot dry skin and is not sweaitng, what are they suffering from?

A

If a diver has a rapid pulse, hot dry skin and is not sweaitng, they are suffering heat stroke.

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12
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of advanced hypothermia?

A

The signs and symptoms of advanced hypothermia are no shivering, drowsiness, lack of coordination and possible coma.

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13
Q

Where does gas exchange between the tissues and the blood occur?

A

Gas exchange between the tissues and the blood occurs in the capillaries.

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14
Q

What gas bonds to hemoglobin over 200 times better than oxygen?

A

Carbon Monoxide bonds to hemoglobin over 200 times better than oxygen.

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15
Q

What makes Carbon Monoxide a dangerous gas?

A

Carbon Monoxide bonds with hemoglobin over 200 times better than oxygen which reduces the amount of oxgyen in the blood.

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16
Q

How can a diver avoid problems with dead air space?

A

A diver can avoid problems with dead air space by breathing slowly with deep, normal breaths.

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17
Q

An enriched air diver runs the risk convulsion and drowning due to CNS oxygen if the exceed an oxygen partial pressure of what?

A

An enriched air diver runs the risk convulsion and drowning due to CNS oxygen if the exceed an oxygen partial pressure of 1.4Pp02 - 1.6Pp02.

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18
Q

What is the blanket term for Decompression Sickness (DCS) and Lung Expnasion Injury?

A

The blanket term for Decompression Sickness (DCS) and Lung Expnasion Injury is Decompression Illness (DCI).

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19
Q

Failure to equalise an ear air space will result in what injury?

A

Failure to equalise an ear air space will result in Barotrauma.

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20
Q

How does an Air Embolism form?

A

An Air Embolism forms when air from a lung overexpansion injury enters the bloodstream and causes a bloke.

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21
Q

What are silent bubbles?

A

Silent bubbles are small bubbles in the bloodstream after a dive that do not cause decompression sickness.

22
Q

What can a forceful valsalva manoeuver cause?

A

A forceful valsalva manoeuver can cause a round window rupture in the ear.

23
Q

What is recommended for DCS first aid and why?

A

Oxygen is recommended for DCS first aid because it accelerates nitrogen elimination and raises blood oxygen levels.

24
Q

Heache, confusion, nausea, bright red lips and nails are signs and symptons of what?

A

Heache, confusion, nausea, bright red lips and nails are signs and symptons of carbon monoxide poisoning.

25
Q

If a diver shows signs of heat exhaustion, what should be done?

A

If a diver shows signs of heat exhaustion, remove the exposure suit, put in cool environment and drink fluids.

26
Q

What is a pneumothorax lung over expansion injury result in?

A

A pneumothorax lung over expansion injury results in a collapsed lung.

27
Q

An Air Embolism, Pneumothorax and Mediastinal Emphysema lung over expansion injuries all need to be treated how?

A

An Air Embolism, Pneumothorax and Mediastinal Emphysema lung over expansion injuries all need to be treated with emergency oxygen and recompression theropy.

28
Q

When may alcohol consumption predispose a diver to DCS?

A

Alcohol consumption may predispose a diver to DCS when consumed before and after a dive.

29
Q

If a diver ruptures their ear drum what symptom may the diver experience?

A

If a diver ruptures their ear drum, they may experience vertigo due to cold water in the vestibular canals.

30
Q

Excessive breathing resistance in diving due to improperly maintained regulators can result in what?

A

Excessive breathing resistance in diving due to improperly maintained regulators can result in hypercapnia.

31
Q

In addition to breath holding, which of the following factors may cause lung overexpansion injury in scuba diving?

A

In addition to breath holding, obstruction in the airways of the lungs may cause lung overexpansion injury in scuba diving.

32
Q

Oxygen is used during the treatment of decompression sickness in order to do what?

A

Oxygen is used during the treatment of decompression sickness in order to help flush excess nitrogen from the body.

33
Q

Servere dizziness following a ruptured eardrum is usually caused by what?

A

Servere dizziness following a ruptured eardrum is usually caused by cold water in the middle ear.

34
Q

What condition can cause unconsciousness caused by an exposure suit that fits too tightly around the neck?

A

Carotrid Sinus Reflex can cause unconsciousness caused by an exposure suit that fits too tightly around the neck.

35
Q

Other than breathing from a contaminated air source, a primary means of increasing a divers carbon monoxide level is what?

A

Other than breathing from a contaminated air source, a primary means of increasing a divers carbon monoxide level is smoking cigarettes prior to diving.

36
Q

The Eustachain tubes lead to what part of the ear that enables it to equalise with the ambient pressure?

A

The Eustachain tubes lead to the middle ear that enables it to equalise with the ambient pressure.

37
Q

The organs that are responsible for the sense of balance are located in what part of the ear?

A

The organs that are responsible for the sense of balance are located in the inner ear.

38
Q

With decompression illness, what signs and symptoms are quicker to occur?

A

With decompression illness, lung over expansion injury usually is quicker to occur than decompression sickness.

39
Q

Altering the metabolism blood circulation is thought to increase what?

A

Altering the metabolism blood circulation is thought to increase the susceptibility to decompression sickness.

40
Q

What is the Doppler Detector used for?

A

The Doppler Detector is used to listen for tiny silent bubbles which can even be heard in divers who do not develop signs and symptoms of decompression sickness.

41
Q

What component of blood is primarily responsible for the transportation of blood?

A

Hemoglobin is primarily responsible for the transportation of blood?

42
Q

Upon ascent, breathing at a decreasing atmospheric pressure can result in what?

A

Upon ascent, breathing at a decreasing atmospheric pressure can result in decompression illness.

43
Q

The best methods to reduce breathing resistance and maximize the elimination of carbon dioxide is what?

A

The best methods to reduce breathing resistance and maximize the elimination of carbon dioxide is breathing slowly and deeply, avoiding overexertion and use well maintained equipment.

44
Q

Divers should not equlise their ears by a forceful valsalva maneuver primarily to avoid which condition?

A

Divers should not equlise their ears by a forceful valsalva maneuver primarily to avoid a round ear rupture.

45
Q

Impaired judgement, reduced motor coordination and euphoria are signs and symptoms of what?

A

Impaired judgement, reduced motor coordination and euphoria are signs and symptoms of nitrogen narcosis.

46
Q

Can oxygen toxicity occur in recreational diving to a maximum of 40metres on 21% oxygen?

A

Oxygen toxicity won’t occur in recreational diving to a maximum of 40metres on 21% oxygen?

47
Q

Type 1 DCS, Type 2 DCS, AGE should all be treated with what?

A

Type 1 DCS, Type 2 DCS, AGE should all be treated with emergency oxygen (preferably 100%).

48
Q

What is Thoracic Squeeze and when does it occur?

A

Thoracic Spueeze is compression of the lungs and thoracic (chest) cavity that occurs during a breath-holding.

During the descent, an increase in pressure causes air spaces and gas pockets within the body to compress.

49
Q

The volume of air which is inhaled that does not take part in the gas exchange, either because it remains in the airways, or does not reach the alveoli is called what?

A

The volume of air which is inhaled that does not take part in the gas exchange, either because it remains in the airways, or does not reach the alveoli is called dead air space.

50
Q

What is the difference between Hypoxia and Hyperoxia?

A

The difference between is:

Hypoxia describes breathing oxygen levels lower than 21%, which may cause confusion, slow response and unconsciousness.

Hyperoxia describes breathing oxygen levels higher than 21%, which may cause Central Nervous System Oxygen Toxicity (CNS OxTox), resulting in an epileptic seizure.

Divemaster Exam Revision (5 decks)

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