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Haematology > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

What is the liquid that contains blood cells called?

A

Plasma

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2
Q

What are the three broad types of blood cells?

A

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

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3
Q

What is the term used for the production of blood cells?

A

Haemopoiesis (haematopoiesis)

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4
Q

What is the main site of haemopoiesis in humans?

A

Bone marrow

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5
Q

What is the main site of haemopoiesis in fetuses between months 3-7?

A

Spleen

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6
Q

From which cell are all blood cells derived?

A

Haematopoietic stem cell

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7
Q

There are few stem cells with an unremarkable morphology. True/false?

A

True

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8
Q

As blood cells progressively mature, they get bigger/smaller

A

Smaller

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9
Q

From which cells do platelets form?

A

Megakaryocytes

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10
Q

What are the main types of white blood cell?

A 
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
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11
Q

Eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils are all what type of white blood cell?

A

Granulocytes

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12
Q

What is the role of neutrophils?

A

To phagocytose invaders by killing with granule contents

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13
Q

Give some roles of eosinophils

A

Fight parasitic infections

Hypersensitivity

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14
Q

Basophils are thought to mediate which type of reaction?

A

Hypersensitivity

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15
Q

What causes a monocyte to become a macrophage?

A

When it leaves circulation and enters tissue

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16
Q

Why does a monocyte have a big nucleus?

A

To allow it to live for a long time in circulation

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17
Q

What are the two main types of lymphocyte?

A

Mature

Activated

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18
Q

Describe the structure of a mature lymphocyte

A

Small with condensed nucleus and rim of cytoplasm

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19
Q

Describe the structure of an activated (atypical) lymphocyte

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A

Large with plentiful blue cytoplasm

20
Q

What does the presence of activated lymphocytes suggest?

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A

Intercurrent (often viral) infection

21
Q

What techniques can be used to recognise blood cell precursors?

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A

Immunophenotyping

Bio-assays

22
Q

What is the main site used for bone marrow aspiration and biopsy?

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A

Posterior iliac crests

23
Q

Red blood cells contain a nucleus and a mitochondria. True/false?

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A

False - contain neither

24
Q

Adult haemoglobin contains what types of chains?

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A

2 x alpha chains

2 x beta chains

25
How many heme groups bind to each chain in haemoglobin?
1 binds to each chain
26
Why is it important the iron found in heme is kept in the Fe2+ state?
As it allows an oxygen molecule to bind to it
27
Give some functions of haemoglobin
Deliver oxygen to the tissues Acts as a buffer for hydrogen ions Involved in CO2 transport
28
What is the main site of red cell destruction? What cell is responsible?
Spleen | Macrophages
29
The globin chains in red blood cells are broken down to what?
Amino acids
30
Outline the pathway for heme breakdown to bilirubin
Iron is recycled causing heme to become porphyrin Porphyrin converted into biliverdin Biliverdin converted into bilirubin
31
What happens to bilirubin?
Taken to liver and conjugated before being excreted in bile
32
What hormone regulates the production of red cells?
Erythropoietin (Epo)
33
What stimulates production of epo?
Hypoxia being sensed by the kidneys
34
How does a red cell produce energy?
Glycolysis (produces 2 ATP)
35
How does a red cell prevent Fe2+ being oxidised to Fe3+?
The NADH produced in glycolysis gets reduced
36
What protects red blood cells from free radicals such as hydrogen peroxide?
Glutathione (GSH)
37
How does glutathione work?
It reacts with hydrogen peroxide to form water and GSSG
38
Glutathione is replenished by what?
NADPH
39
What is the rate limiting enzyme in the production of NADPH?
G6PD
40
Give the different ways in which CO2 gets from the tissues to the lungs
60% as bicarbonate 30% bound directly to Hb 10% dissolved in solution
41
In the carbonic anhydrase reaction, what acts as a buffer for the hydrogen ions produced?
Haemoglobin
42
What globin chains are found in fetal haemoglobin?
2 x alpha chains | 2 x gamma chains
43
An oxygen binding to a heme subunit makes it easier/harder for another oxygen molecule to bind to another subunit
Easier
44
At typical venous pO2 concentration, what is the percentage of haemoglobin saturation?
70%
45
Fetal haemoglobin saturates less/more than adult haemoglobin at the same pO2
More
46
Shifting the oxygen saturation curve to the right will cause more oxygen to be delivered to tissues. True/false?
True
47
What causes the oxygen saturation curve to shift right?
Increased acidity Increased DPG Increased temperature

Haematology (19 decks)

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