Physiology

Question 1

Prolonged APTT is a problem with the

Answer 1

Intrinsic pathway

Question 2

Conditions associated with prolonged APTT

Answer 2

Haemophilias

Question 3

Prolonged PT is a problem with the

Answer 3

Extrinsic pathway

Question 4

Prolonged APTT and Prolonged PT

Answer 4

Common Pathway

Question 5

Describe the steps of the intrinsic pathway and the resulting product

Answer 5

XII to XIIa 
XI to XIa
IX to IXa
IXa with the help of VIII allows the conversion of X to Xa 
Final product = Xa

Question 6

Describe the steps of the extrinsic pathway and the resulting product

Answer 6

VII to VIIa with the assistance of TF
Conversion of X to Xa with the help of VII
Final product = Xa

Question 7

Clotting factors that are part of the intrinsic pathway

Answer 7

12, 11, 9 and 8

Question 8

Clotting factors that are part of the extrinsic pathway

Answer 8

Tissue Factor

7

Question 9

Describe the steps of the common pathway and the resulting product

Answer 9

Xa (plus Va) allow the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
Thrombin allows the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
Fibrin and XIIIa produce a fibrin clot
Final product = fibrin clot

Question 10

Clotting factors that are part of the common pathway

Answer 10

10, 5 
Prothrombin (2) 
Thrombin (2a) 
Fibrinogen (1)
Fibrin (1a)

Question 11

Factor II is also known as

Answer 11

Prothrombin

Question 12

Factor IIa is also known as

Answer 12

Thrombin

Question 13

Factor I is also known as

Answer 13

Fibrinogen

Question 14

Factor Ia is also known as

Answer 14

Fibrin

Question 15

Prothrombin is also known as

Answer 15

Factor II

Question 16

Thrombin is also known as

Answer 16

Factor IIa

Question 17

Fibrinogen is also known as

Answer 17

Factor I

Question 18

Fibrin is also known as

Answer 18

Factor Ia

Question 19

Describe the events of fibrinolysis

Answer 19

Fibrin is degraded to FDPs which requires plasmin

Plasmin is converted from plasminogen which requires tPA

Question 20

What are involved in fibrinolysis?

What is the final product?

Answer 20

Plasmin
Plasminogen
tPA
Final Product = FDPs

Question 21

What are direct Xa inhibitors (2)?

Answer 21

Rivoroxiban

Apixaban

Question 22

Anti-thrombin III inhibits…

Answer 22

IIa (thrombin)
IXa
Xa

Question 23

General problem in microcytic anaemia

Answer 23

Cytoplasmic/haemoglobinisation defects

Question 24

Causes of microcytic anaemia

Answer 24

Iron deficiency
Thalassaemia
Congenital Sideroblastic Anaemia

Question 25

Iron deficiency anaemia is a

Answer 25

Microcytic hypochromic anaemia

Question 26

General problem in macrocytic anaemia

Answer 26

Nuclear defects

Question 27

Causes of macrocytic anaemia

Answer 27

``` Megaloblastic = folate deficiency, B12 deficiency Normoblastic = alcohol, liver disease, hypothyroidism ```

Question 28

Difference between megaloblastic and normoblastic macrocytic anaemia

Answer 28

Normoblastic = no problem with DNA synthesis, large size is due to other factors e.g. increased deposition of cholesterol

Question 29

B12 deficiency anaemia is a

Answer 29

Macrocytic megaloblastic normochromic anaemia

Question 30

Anaemia in liver disease is a

Answer 30

Macrocytic normoblastic normochromic anaemia

Question 31

What form is iron absorbed into enterocytes in?

Answer 31

Fe2+

Question 32

What transporter moves iron into enterocytes?

Answer 32

DMT-1

Question 33

Where in the digestive tract is iron absorbed?

Answer 33

Duodenum

Question 34

What transporter exports iron out of the enterocytes into the blood?

Answer 34

Ferroportin

Question 35

What regulates ferroportin expression?

Answer 35

Hepicidin

Question 36

What binds iron in blood?

Answer 36

Transferrin

Question 37

What stores iron?

Answer 37

Ferritin