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Renal 2020 > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is osmolarity?

A

concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution

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2
Q

body fluids osmolarity

A

300mosmol/L

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3
Q

what is tonicity?

A

effect a solution has on cell volume

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4
Q

define isotonic and its effect on the cell

A

same concentration solution

no change in cell volume

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5
Q

define hypertonic solution and its effect on the cell

A

concentrated salt solutions

decreases cell volume (shrinks cells)

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6
Q

define hypotonic solution and its effect on the cell

A

dilute solution

increases cell volume (swells, lysis)

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7
Q

two compartments of total body water

A
  1. intracellular fluid= 67%

2. extracellular fluid= 33%

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8
Q

what is the extracellular fluid made up of?

A 
plasma (20%)
interstitial fluid (80%)
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9
Q

tracer used to measure TBW

A

3H2O

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10
Q

tracer used to measure ECF

A

inulin

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11
Q

tracer used to measure plasma

A

labelled albumin

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12
Q

water homeostasis inputs

A

food
fluid
metabolism

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13
Q

water homeostasis outputs

A 
skin 
lungs
sweat
faeces
urine
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14
Q

what separates plasma and interstitial fluid?

A

capillary wall

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15
Q

what separates interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid?

A

plasma membrane

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16
Q

what ion is excluded from the ICF?

A

Na+

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17
Q

where is K+ usually located?

A

in ICF

changes can cause muscle weakness and cardiac problems

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18
Q

kidney functions

A

water balance
salt balance
plasma volume/ osmolarity
acid-base balance
excretion of waste/ exogenous foreign compounds
secretion of renin (BP) and erythropoietin (RBC)
conversion of vit D to active form

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19
Q

two types of nephrons

A
  1. juxtamedullary

2. cortical

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20
Q

do many nephrons empty into the same collecting duct?

A

yes

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21
Q

define urine

A

modified filtrate of blood

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22
Q

three filtration barriers

A
  1. glomerular capillary endothelium
  2. basement membrane
  3. slit processes of podocytes
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23
Q

what does the glomerular capillary endothelium act as a barrier against?

A

RBCs

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24
Q

what does the basement membrane act as a barrier against?

A

plasma proteins

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25
what do the slit processes of podocytes act as a barrier against?
barrier to proteins
26
what GFR?
rate protein-free plasma is filtered from the glomeruli into Bowman's capsule per unit time
27
what is a normal GFR?
125ml/min
28
what is a major determining factor for GFR?
glomerular capillary blood pressure
29
regulators of GFR
baroreceptor reflex myogenic mechanism tubuloglomerular feedback
30
what is tubuloglomerular feedback?
macula densa of DCT sense NaCl
31
define plasma clearance
measure of how effectively the kidneys clean the blood of a substance
32
normal renal plasma flow?
650ml/min
33
what is filtration fraction?
fraction of plasma flowing through the glomeruli that is filtered into the tubules and the rest moves to peritubular capillaries
34
what is transport maximum (Tm)?
point at which increases in concentration of a substance do not result in an increase in movement of a substance across a cell membrane
35
example of glucose's Tm
2mmol/min (threshold is 10-12mmol/L, consider diabetes)
36
where in the nephron is most Na+ and water reabsorbed?
PCT
37
what channel in the PCT is water and Na+ reabsorbed?
Na+/K+ ATPase (water follows Na+, and Cl- follows)
38
where are glucose and amino acids reabsorbed in the nephron?
PCT
39
tubular fluid osmolarity in the PCT?
300mosmol/l
40
what does the loop of Henle enable the formation of?
hypertonic urine
41
what do the limbs of the loop of Henle function as?
counter-current multiplier
42
what happens in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
Na+ and Cl- are reabsorbed | impermeable to water
43
what happens in the descending limb of the loop of henle?
permeable to water | no other reabsorption
44
what do loop diuretics block?
triple co-transporter Na+/K+/2Cl- in the thick ascending limb
45
what cycle contributes to medullary osmolality?
urea cycle
46
how does the urea cycle contribute to medullary osmolality?
DCT is impermeable to urea and collecting duct absorbs about 50% it can passively diffuse into the loop
47
what is the counter-current exchanger?
vasa recta
48
how do the vasa recta contribute to medullary osmolality?
run alongside the loop of Henle | have low blood flow to prevent NaCl and urea being washed away
49
what hormones control the distal tubule?
ADH aldosterone ANH/P PTH
50
two parts of the DCT
early | late
51
what is in the early DCT?
triple co-transporter
52
what controls the late DCT?
aldosterone
53
what influences the collecting duct?
ADH by increasing the number of aquaporins to create concentrated urine
54
what causes ADH secretion?
hypothalamic osmoreceptors detect low BP
55
nicotine effect on ADH
stimulates
56
alcohol effect on ADH?
inhibits
57
where in the body secretes aldosterone?
adrenal cortex
58
what causes aldosterone to be secreted?
increased K+ reduced Na+ activation of RAAS (low BP)
59
where is renin secreted from?
granular cells in JGA
60
what causes renin to be secreted?
reduced pressure in afferent arterioles macula densa cells sense reduced NaCl in DCT increased sympathetic activity in low BP
61
what happens if there is an abnormal increase in RAAS?
hypertension | fluid retention
62
when are ANPs produced?
when there is an increase in blood volume
63
what do ANPs do?
promote excretion of Na+ and diuresis
64
define water diuresis
increased water removal, not solute
65
define osmotic diuresis
increased urine flow as a result of salt excretion

Renal 2020 (26 decks)

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