Physiology

Question 1

what does frequency of a sound dictate?

Answer 1

pitch (high or low)

Question 2

what does amplitude of a sound dictate?

Answer 2

intensity- loud or quiet

Question 3

what does an audiogram result of 0 indicate?

Answer 3

hearing of a healthy 20-year-old male

Question 4

what range on an audiogram is considered normal?

Answer 4

20-25

Question 5

describe tonotopic organisation of the cochlea

Answer 5

frequency of sound vibrates different parts of the basilar membrane

Question 6

what is the pathway of the AP from hair cells to the brainstem?

Answer 6

ECOLI

Question 7

where is the primary auditory cortex located?

Answer 7

left posterior superior temporal gyrus

Question 8

two types of hair cells

Answer 8

kinocilium

stereocilia

Question 9

what are the otolith organs?

Answer 9

utricle

saccule

Question 10

what do the otolith organs contain?

Answer 10

macules that have stereocilia projecting into a gelatinous matrix with otoconia

Question 11

four pathways involved in balance sensation

Answer 11

1. visual
2. cardiovascular
3. proprioceptive
4. vestibular

Question 12

two mechanisms involved in balance motor

Answer 12

vestibulospinal tract

vestibulo-ocular reflex

Question 13

what type of receptors are those for taste and smell?

Answer 13

chemoreceptors

Question 14

what do taste buds contain?

Answer 14

sensory receptor cells and support cells arranged like orange segments

Question 15

what replaces taste cell recepters?

Answer 15

basal cells

Question 16

what do taste cell receptors synapse with?

Answer 16

afferent nerve fibres

Question 17

four types of taste buds

Answer 17

1. filiform
2. fungiform
3. vallate
4. foliate

Question 18

which type of taste bud does not contain taste buds?

Answer 18

filiform

Question 19

what are the three cranial nerves that carry taste to the brainstem?

Answer 19

CNVII (chorda tympani)
CNIX (posterior tongue)
CNX (epiglottitis/pharynx)

Question 20

what are the five primary tastes?

Answer 20

1. bitter
2. sour
3. salt
4. sweet
5. umami

Question 21

what produces a bitter taste?

Answer 21

alkaloids
poison
toxic plant derivatives

Question 22

what produces a sour taste?

Answer 22

free H+ (acids)

Question 23

what produces a salty taste?

Answer 23

NaCl

Question 24

what produces a sweet taste?

Answer 24

configuration of glucose

Question 25

what produces a umami taste?

Answer 25

amino acids

Question 26

where is the olfactory mucosa located?

Answer 26

roof of the nasal cavity

Question 27

what is the olfactory mucosa made up of?

Answer 27

receptor cells supporting cells basal cells

Question 28

role of basal cells

Answer 28

secrete mucous and act as precursors

Question 29

what does each receptor cell look like in the olfactory mucosa?

Answer 29

has a neurone with a thick dendrite and expanded end (olfactory rod) cilia project from this and odorants binds

Question 30

why do you need to sniff to smell something?

Answer 30

during normal, quiet breathing odorants do not reach the olfactory mucosa as it is above normal airflow sniffing enhances the air current upwards

Question 31

what properties does a substance need to have to be smelled?

Answer 31

volatile enough | sufficiently water soluble

Question 32

three examples of abnormalities of smell

Answer 32

anosmia hyposmia dysosmia

Question 33

5T's of referred pain

Answer 33

``` teeth tongue TMJ throat trigeminal nerve ```