Physiology

Question 0

Number of oocytes at birth

Answer 0

1-2 million

Question 1

Number of oocytes in fetal period

Answer 1

6-7 million at 5 months AOG

Question 2

Number of oocytes at puberty

Answer 2

400,000 oocytes

Question 3

Number of eggs ovulated in a lifetime

Answer 3

500

Question 4

Primary oocyte - formed when?

Answer 4

By 5 months ovulation

Question 5

Only cell that undergoes mitosis

Answer 5

Primordial germ cell

Question 6

Primary oocyte arrested at?

Answer 6

Prophase of Meiosis I

From 5 months ovulation until onset of puberty/ menses

Question 7

When is the first meiotic division completed?

Answer 7

Onset of puberty/ menses

Question 8

When is the secondary oocyte formed?

Answer 8

After completion of meiosis I at the onset of puberty/ menses

Question 9

Secondary oocyte arrested at?

Answer 9

Metaphase of Meiosis II (until fertilization occurs)

Question 10

When is the first polar body released?

Answer 10

During ovulation, with secondary oocyte

Question 11

When is 2nd Meiotic division completed?

Answer 11

Fertilization

Question 12

Ovum?

Answer 12

Fertilized secondary oocyte

Question 13

When is the second polar body formed?

Answer 13

If there is fertilization

Question 14

What is released every menstruation?

Answer 14

Secondary oocyte with 1st polar body

Stratum functionale

Question 15

Action of LH? What cell?

Answer 15

LH stimulates activation of DESMOLASE in THECA CELLS which converts CHOLESTEROL to PREGNENOLONE, forming ANDROSTEINEDIONE

Question 16

Effect of menopause on FSH, estrogen, inhibin, granulosa cells?

Answer 16

Decreased granny cells –> low estradiol and low inhibin –> high FSH (because of low inhibin)

Question 17

Fate of androsteinedione in Theca cells?

Answer 17

80% crosses BM to granulosa cells

20% goes to periphery for conversion to testosterone

Question 18

Effect of inhibin

Answer 18

Inhibits FSH secretion from anterior pituitary

Question 19

Effects of estrogen on uterus and cervix?

Answer 19

Uterus: increase rate of mitotic division (proliferation)

Cervix: cause cervical mucus to be thin and watery - easier for sperm to traverse; causes FERNING of cervical mucus

Question 20

Peak of LH secretion?

Answer 20

10-12 hrs before ovulation

Question 21

Spinnbarket?

Answer 21

Thin and watery cervical mucus produced, as triggered by estrogen

Question 22

Main provider of progesterone before placenta in pregnancy?

Answer 22

Corpus luteum

Question 23

Effects of progesterone on uterus and cervix?

Answer 23

Uterus: endometrium becomes secretory, providing a source of nutrients for the blastocyst; subnucleolar vacuoles, stroma becomes edematous

Cervix: mucus becomes THICK

Question 24

Origin of corpus luteum?

Answer 24

Remains of the dominant or Graffian follicle - leutinization

Question 25

When will the corpus luteum regress if fertilization does not occur?

Answer 25

9-11 days after ovulation

Question 26

Chemotactic activating factor for neutrophils in the pre-menstrual endometrium?

Answer 26

IL-8

Question 27

Key event in endometrium pre-menstruation

Answer 27

Infiltration of stroma by PMNs, giving a pseudoinflammatory appearance to the tissue

Question 28

Most striking and constant event the precedes the onset of menstruation

Answer 28

Period of vasoconstriction (of spiral arteries --> hypoxia of functionalis layer)

Question 29

When is the endometrium restored completely after onset of menses

Answer 29

Day 5 of menses

Question 30

Most important factor in recovery of endometrium after menses

Answer 30

Estrogen increase in the early follicular phase

Question 31

Earliest histological evidence of progesterone action in the endometrium

Answer 31

Basal vacuolization

Question 32

When is endometrial secretion at its maximum?

Answer 32

At the time of blastocyst implantation

Question 33

Most appropriate endometrium for implantation

Answer 33

Predecidual reaction (day 20-24 of cycle) Most ripe for implantation

Question 34

When does leukocyte infiltration begin?

Answer 34

1-2 days before onset of menses

Question 35

Trigger for endometrial leukocyte infiltration?

Answer 35

IL-8

Question 36

Source of hormones in the preovulatory phase

Answer 36

Follicular granulosa cells

Question 37

What happens to the endometrium in pregnancy?

Answer 37

Decidualization - transformation of secretory endometrium to decidua

Question 38

Highly modified endometrium of pregnancy

Answer 38

Decidua

Question 39

Layers of the decidua

Answer 39

Basalis Parietalis Capsularis

Question 40

First necessary event in fertilization

Answer 40

Acrosome reaction (remove cap to release enzymes)

Question 41

When is meiosis II completed?

Answer 41

At fertilization

Question 42

Product of completion of the second meiotic division?

Answer 42

Ovum

Question 43

Fusion the the male and female pronuclei forms?

Answer 43

Zygote

Question 44

What reaction renders the secondary oocyte impermeable to other sperm?

Answer 44

Cortical reaction

Question 45

Endometrium of pregnancy?

Answer 45

Decidua

Question 46

Process that establishes the 3 primary germ layers

Answer 46

Gastrulation

Question 47

What is formed during gastrulation?

Answer 47

Trilaminar embryonic disk - ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

Question 48

First organ to develop during the embryonic period?

Answer 48

CNS

Question 49

Cardiac activity via TVS can be appreciated by -- weeks AOG?

Answer 49

6 weeks

Question 50

Derivatives of the endoderm?

Answer 50

Lining of GIT, pancreas, respiratory tract, thyroid

Question 51

Derivatives of the ectoderm?

Answer 51

CNS, PNS Sensory organs of seeing and hearing Integument layer

Question 52

Heart - completed by how many weeks?

Answer 52

8 weeks

Question 53

Limbs completed by how many weeks?

Answer 53

8 weeks

Question 54

CNS - completed by how many weeks?

Answer 54

Continues post-natally

Question 55

External genetalia - completed by how many weeks?

Answer 55

9 weeks

Question 56

Number one cause of preterm labor

Answer 56

Breaking of amnion

Question 57

Fetal urine production at -- weeks AOG?

Answer 57

9-12 weeks AOG

Question 58

Membranes - fetal to maternal

Answer 58

``` Amnion Chorion Decidua parietalis (endometrium) Myometrium Serosa ```

Question 59

Hemoglobin at 6 months AOG?

Answer 59

90% HgF

Question 60

Hemoglobin at near-term?

Answer 60

70% HgF

Question 61

Medication that induces formation of Hemoglobin F?

Answer 61

Hydroxyurea - given to patients with sickle cell anemia

Question 62

Breast sebaceous glands are called?

Answer 62

Montgomery glands - increase in size starting 2nd month of pregnancy