Physiology - Alimentary Canal

Question 1

what causes the circular muscle in alimentary canal to contract

Answer 1

release of Ach and substance P from excitatory motor neurone

Question 2

what causes the circular muscle in alimentary canal to contract relax

Answer 2

release of VIP and NO from inhibitory motoneuron

Question 3

what causes the longitudinal muscle in alimentary canal to contract

Answer 3

release of Ach and substance P from excitatory motoneurons.

Question 4

what causes the longitudinal muscle in alimentary canal to relax

Answer 4

release of VIP and NO from inhibitory motoneuron

Question 5

what muscle are sphincters made of

Answer 5

smooth and skeletal

Question 6

function of mouth and pharynx

Answer 6

chop and lubricate food
start carbohydrate digestion
delivers food to oesophagus

Question 7

function of oesophagus

Answer 7

propels food to the stomach

Question 8

function of stomach

Answer 8

stores and churns food
continues carbohydrate digestion
initiates protein digestion
regulators delivery of chyme to duodenum

Question 9

function of small intestine

Answer 9

principle site of digestion and absorption of nutrients

Question 10

function of large intestine

Answer 10

colon reabsorbs fluids and electrolytes

stores faecal matter before delivery to rectum

Question 11

function of rectum, anal canal, anus

Answer 11

regulates expulsion of faeces.

Question 12

accessory structures of alimentary canal

Answer 12

salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gall bladder

Question 13

4 layers of GI tract

Answer 13

mucosa
submucosa
musculares externa
serosa

Question 14

What is mucosa made of

Answer 14

mucous membrane, lamina propria, muscalris mucosa

Question 15

what is submucosa made of

Answer 15

connective tissue, larger blood and lymph vessels, glands, sub mucous plexus

Question 16

what is muscarlis externa made of

Answer 16

circular smooth muscle layer, myenteric plexus, longitudinal smooth muscle layer

Question 17

serosa

Answer 17

connective tissue

Question 18

4 major functions of alimentary Canal

Answer 18

motility, secretion, digestion, absorption

Question 19

circular smooth muscle contraction

Answer 19

lumen becomes narrower and longer

Question 20

longitudinal smooth muscle

Answer 20

intestine becomes shorter and fatter

Question 21

muscularis mucosae contraction

Answer 21

change in absorptive and secretory area of mucosa

Question 22

where are interstitial cells of Cajal found

Answer 22

between circular and longitudinal muscle layers

Question 23

what is the parasympathetic supply to GI tract mediated by

Answer 23

Vagal and Pelvic nerves

Question 24

what part of GI tract do Vagal nerves innervate

Answer 24

oesophagus to and including ascending colon

Question 25

what part of GI tract do Pelvic nerves innervate

Answer 25

descending colon to anus

Question 26

excitatory influences of parasympathetic supply

Answer 26

increased gastric, pancreatic, small intestinal secretion. increased blood flow smooth muscle contraction

Question 27

inhibitory influences of parasympathetic supply

Answer 27

relaxation of some sphincter receptive relaxation of stomach

Question 28

where do the pelvic nerves leave

Answer 28

S2-S4

Question 29

what are the pre vertebral ganglion

Answer 29

celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric.

Question 30

where do preganglionic fibres from sympathetic region send out axons from

Answer 30

thoraco-lumbar region

Question 31

excitatory influences of sympathetic division

Answer 31

increased sphincter tone

Question 32

inhibitory influences of sympathetic division

Answer 32

decreases motility, secretion, blood flow

Question 33

which plexus mainly regulates motility and sphincters

Answer 33

myenteric plexus (Auerbach's)

Question 34

which plexus mainly modulates epithelial and blood vessels

Answer 34

sub mucous plexus (Meissner's)

Question 35

what type of reflex is peristalsis

Answer 35

local reflex

Question 36

is a local reflex intrinsic or extrinsic

Answer 36

intrinsic

Question 37

is a short reflex extrinsic or intrinsic

Answer 37

extrinsic

Question 38

is a long reflex extrinsic or intrinsic

Answer 38

extrinsic

Question 39

which type of reflex is the intestine-intestinal inhibitory reflex

Answer 39

short reflex

Question 40

what type of reflex is the gastroileal reflex

Answer 40

long reflex

Question 41

what is the powerful sweeping contraction that forces faeces into the rectum known as

Answer 41

colonic mass movement

Question 42

what is the powerful sweeping contraction from stomach to terminal ileum known as

Answer 42

migrating motor complex

Question 43

what has low pressure tonic contractions

Answer 43

organs with a major storage function

Question 44

what has high pressure tonic contractions

Answer 44

sphincters

Question 45

what muscle is the UOS made of

Answer 45

skeletal

Question 46

which sphincter relaxes to allow swallowing

Answer 46

UOS

Question 47

which sphincter closes during inspiration

Answer 47

UOS

Question 48

which sphincter relaxes to permit entry of food to stomach

Answer 48

LOS

Question 49

which sphincter closes to prevent reflux of gastric contents to the oesophagus

Answer 49

LOS

Question 50

which sphincter regulates gastric emptying

Answer 50

Pyloric sphincter

Question 51

which sphincter usually prevents duodenal gastric reflex

Answer 51

Pyloric

Question 52

which sphincter regulates flow from ileum to caecum

Answer 52

ilocaceal valve

Question 53

what muscle is the internal anal sphincter

Answer 53

smooth

Question 54

what muscle is the external anal sphincter

Answer 54

skeletal

Question 55

which sphincter allows communication between bowl duct and upper part of duodenum

Answer 55

Sphincter of Oddi