Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Higher Human Biology > Physiology And Health > Flashcards

Physiology And Health Flashcards

(79 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What hormones does the pituitary gland release in males

A

ICSH & FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is testosterone produced ?

A

Interstitial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

Activates the prostate gland and seminal vesicles to release their secretions and promotes sperm production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How are high levels of testosterone controlled?

A

High levels of testosterone are detected in the blood stream by the pituitary gland which then inhibits the secretion of ICSH & FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How is the mobility and viability of sperm maintained

A

The prostate gland and seminal vesicles produce a sugary substance for energy and enzymes that keep semen at the right viscosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does FSH do in women

A

Promotes the development of a follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Follicles produce oestrogen, what does this hormone do?

A

Repairs endometrium and thins cervical mucus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do high levels of oestrogen trigger ?

A

Ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When does the follicle change into the corpus luteum

A

After ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What hormone does the corpus luteum secrete

A

Progesterone and oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why does the corpus luteum degrade

A

Lack of LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the phases of the menstrual cycle

A

Follicular day 1-14
Luteal day 15-28

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What do progesterone and oestrogen do during the luteal phase

A

Maintain thickness of endometrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens if an egg is fertilised after ovulation

A

The corpus luteum does not degrade, so high levels of oestrogen and progesterone inhibit the pituitary. Preventing further follicles from developing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Differences in fertility between men and women

A

Men show continuous fertility while women show cyclical fertility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the causes of infertility in women

A

Failure to ovulate
Blockage of oviducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the causes of infertility in men

A

Low perm count
Defective sperm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do ovulation stimulating drugs do

A

Prevent the negative feedback control of oestrogen on FSH/ mimic the action of LH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is intra- cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)

A

This is when the head of the sperm is drawn into a needle and injected directly into the egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is in vitro fertilisation (IVF) ?

A

This is when eggs are mixed into a culture dish, fertilised eggs are then incubated and transferred to the uterus for implantation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is IVF used in conjunction with ?

A

PGD, to identify single gene disorders and chromosomal abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Examples of physical contraception

A

Condoms, IUD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Examples of chemical contraception

A

Combines pill, mini pill, morning after pill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How does combined pill work

A

It contains Oestrogen and Progesterone, mimicking negative feedback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How does the mini pill work
Contains only progesterone and thickens the cervical mucus
26
How does the morning after pill work
Prevents ovulation or implantation
27
When is a dating scan
8-14 weeks
28
What is determined by a dating scan
Due date and pregnancy stage
29
When is an anomaly scan
18-20 weeks
30
What is detected by anomaly scans
Any physical abnormalities
31
Why are blood and urine tests carried out throughout pregnancy
To monitor concentrations of marker chemicals
32
What is amniocentesis
This is when a sample of amniotic fluid is taken from the embryo at 14 - 16 weeks
33
What is chronic villus sampling
This is when a sample of foetal cells are taken at 8 weeks
34
What has a higher risk of miscarriage? Amniocentesis or CVS
CVS - 2 % risk amniocentesis- 0.5% risk
35
What are amniocentesis and CVS used for
They allow foetal DNA to be assessed for chromosomal abnormalities Cells can be cultured to produce a karyotype
36
What is incomplete dominance
Neither allele is dominant over the other meaning both are partly expressed
37
Why do sex linked disorders tend to affect males more?
The Y chromosome does not contain sex linked genes, so males only have one copy meaning whichever alleles are present on the X chromosome are always expressed
38
What blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood into the heart
Veena Cava
39
What blood vessel pumps blood around the whole body
Aorta
40
What blood vessel carries oxygenated blood into the heart
Pulmonary veins
41
Heart rate x Stroke volume =
Cardiac output
42
During atrial systole which valves are open
Atrio ventricular valves
43
During ventricular systole which valves are open
Semi lunar
44
During diastole which valves are open
Atrio ventricular
45
What sets the rate at which the heart contracts
The auto rhythmic cells of the sino atrial node
46
Where do impulses from the sino atrio node travel to
The atrio ventricular node -> down fibres in the central heart wall -> up the ventricular walls
47
What can heart rate be modified by
Nerve signals and hormonal signals
48
How does the medulla affect heart rate
By regulating the rate of the SAN through the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
49
Sympathetic nerve releases ____ to increase heart rate
Noradrenaline
50
Parasympathetic nerve releases _____ to decrease heart rate
Acetylcholine
51
What is blood pressure measured with
A sphygmomanometer
52
What is atherosclerosis
The accumulation of fatty material within an artery
53
What is an atheroma comprised of
Cholesterol, calcium and fiberous material
54
What effects does a growing atheroma have on arteries
- thickens and hardens - looses its elasticity - lumen is reduced - blood flow is restricted - blood pressure increases
55
What can atherosclerosis cause
Angina Heart attack Stroke PVD
56
What happens when an atheroma ruptures the endothelium
Clotting factors are released
57
What inactive enzyme is converted to Thrombrin
Prothrombin
58
Why is fibrinogen converted to Fibrin threads
They form a mesh work over the rupture that clots the blood and seals the wound
59
If a clot breaks loose what is it now called
Embolus
60
What is the danger of an embolus
It will travel through the blood stream until it blocks a blood vessel
61
Why does a blockage in the brain cause a stroke
Cells are deprived of oxygen
62
What can DVT lead to
A pulmonary embolism
63
What are the uses of cholesterol
A component of cell membranes and used to make sex hormones oestrogen, testosterone and progesterone
64
What causes cholesterol levels to increase
A diet high in saturated fats
65
How does cholesterol travel through the blood stream
With phospholipids and proteins as ‘lipoprotein complexes’
66
What are the two main groups of lipoproteins
HDL & LDL
67
Where does LDL transport cholesterol to
From the liver to Body cells
68
Where does HDL transport cholesterol to
Body cells to liver
69
How can you reduce blood cholesterol
- physical activity increasing HDL - reducing total fat in diet - statins
70
What does chronic elevated blood glucose levels lead to
- atherosclerosis - blood vessel damage - retinal damage - PVD
71
How does insulin reduce blood glucose
By activating the conversion of glucose to glycogen
72
What secretes insulin
Pancreas
73
How does glucagon increase blood glucose
By activating the conversion of glycogen to glucose
74
What secretes glucagon
Pancreas
75
Why are type 2 diabetics unable to be treated with insulin shots
Their cells are desensitised to insulin which leads to a decrease in the number of insulin receptors
76
What is used to diagnose diabetes
Glucose tolerance test or glucose in urine
77
How is BMI calculated
Mass (kg) ————- Height (m2)
78
Why are free sugars bad
They require no metabolic energy to digest
79
What are benefits of exercise
Keeps weight low Minimises stress Reduces hypertension Improves HDL:LDL ratio

Higher Human Biology (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions