Physiology and Hemodynamics

Question 1

Cardiac contractions begin in the

Answer 1

Left ventricle first

Question 2

The 9 steps of how the blood flows from the heart to the rest of the body :

Answer 2

Left ventricle
Aorta
Larger arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Large veins
Inferior Vena Cava
Right atrium

Question 3

The pressure is greater at the?

Answer 3

Heart

Question 4

As blood moves away from the heart the pressure gradually ________ further away.

Answer 4

Decreases

Question 5

The _______ serve as a reservoirs for the blood volume storage and energy supplied to the system.

Answer 5

Arteries

Question 6

Movement of any fluid medium between two points requires two things

Answer 6

Pathway
Pressure differential (higher pressure energy moves to lower pressure energy)

Question 7

The amount of flow depends upon?

Answer 7

Energy difference
Any resistance

Question 8

Lower resistance equals

Answer 8

higher flow rate

Question 9

Higher resistance equals

Answer 9

lower flow rate

Question 10

Stored energy is releases when the walls of the artery

Answer 10

Recoil/contract

Question 11

HP is

Answer 11

Hydrostatic pressure

Question 12

The taller the person is the higher the

Answer 12

HP (hydrostatic pressure)

Question 13

If the patient is supine the?

Answer 13

HP (Hydrostatic pressure) is 0

Question 14

Kinetic energy

Answer 14

velocity (moving blood forward)

Question 15

What is needed to move blood from one to point to another?

Answer 15

Energy gradient

Question 16

The larger the gradient

Answer 16

greater the flow

Question 17

Related to the tendency of a fluid to resist changes in its velocity

Answer 17

Inertia (body at rest, stays at rest)

Question 18

Energy is continually restored by

Answer 18

The pumping action of the heart

Question 19

As blood moves farther out to periphery

Answer 19

Energy is dissipated in the form of heat.

Question 20

R =

Answer 20

Resistance

Question 21

n =

Answer 21

viscosity

Question 22

r =

Answer 22

radius (size of the vessel)

Question 23

L

Answer 23

vessel length

Question 24

What has the most effect on resistance

Answer 24

vessel diameter (radius)

Question 25

Resistance is directly proportional to the

Answer 25

viscosity and length

Question 26

Resistance is inversely proportional to the

Answer 26

radius

Question 27

Increased hematocrit

Answer 27

Increased viscosity

Question 28

Increased viscosity

Answer 28

decreased velocity

Question 29

Decreased viscosity

Answer 29

increased velocity

Question 30

stable flow

Answer 30

laminar flow

Question 31

seen at the vessel origin as well as during initial cardiac upstroke

Answer 31

Plug flow

Question 32

seen downstream once laminar flow is fully developed

Answer 32

parabolic flow

Question 33

type of energy loss that occurs from increased friction between molecules and layers which ultimately causes energy loss

Answer 33

Viscous energy loss

Question 34

type of energy loss occurs when deviations from laminar flow, due to direction and or velocity changes

Answer 34

Inertial losses

Question 35

Type of energy loss occurs at the exit of a stenosis

Answer 35

Inertial

Question 36

Defines relationship between pressure, volume flow, resistance

Answer 36

Poiseuille's equation

Question 37

Helps define how much fluid volume moves through a vessel

Answer 37

Poiseuille's equation

Question 38

Q =

Answer 38

volume flow

Question 39

P =

Answer 39

Pressure

Question 40

Q= (A x V)

Answer 40

velocity changes (volume flow = (size x speed)

Question 41

Increased velocity

Answer 41

Decreased pressure

Question 42

Decreased velocity

Answer 42

Increased pressure

Question 43

Aortic valve opens

Answer 43

Systole

Question 44

Closure of the aortic valve

Answer 44

Dicrotic notch

Question 45

The influence of peripheral resistance

Answer 45

Dicrotic notch

Question 46

Flow is steady in nature feeding a dilated vascular bed

Answer 46

Low resistance

Question 47

Reflects where the blood is going

Answer 47

Diastole

Question 48

Flow that is pulsatile in nature

Answer 48

High resistance flow

Question 49

Where the blood came from

Answer 49

systole

Question 50

Pulsatile changes in the medium/small sized arteries of the limbs are increased. When this occurs the pulsatility changes are usually decreased in the minute arteries

Answer 50

Vasoconstriction

Question 51

Pulsatile changes in medium/small sized arteries of the limbs are decreased (lower resistant). When this occurs, pulsatility changes are increased in minute arteries.

Answer 51

vasodilatation

Question 52

What usually causes peripheral vasodilatation

Answer 52

Exercise

Question 53

What is key for vasodilator of resistance vessels

Answer 53

Exercise

Question 54

Ability of most vascular beds to maintain constant level of blood flow over a wide range of perfusion pressures.

Answer 54

Autoregulation

Question 55

Distal effects of obstructive disease may only be detectable following stress

Answer 55

Exercise

Question 56

A hemodynamically significant stenosis causes a notable

Answer 56

reduction in volume flow and pressure.

Question 57

Cross sectional area reduction of 75% equals

Answer 57

diameter reduction of 50%

Question 58

Flow to a cool extremity

Answer 58

vasoconstriction = Pulsatile signals (smaller = more pulsatile)

Question 59

Flow to the warm extremity

Answer 59

vasodilation = continuous signal

Question 60

resistance to flow is additive; it results in a higher resistance than in each individual narrowing

Answer 60

Multiple obstructions in the same vessel

Question 61

resistance to flow is less than the resistance in each individual narrowing because less volume of blood flow is going through each narrowing

Answer 61

Obstructions in different vessels that are parallel

Question 62

Flow frequencies are usually dampened, with or without disturbance (decreased velocity)

Answer 62

Proximal to a stenosis (pre stenosis)

Question 63

spectral broadening and elevated velocities (increased flow volume)

Answer 63

Stenosis (in the middle)

Question 64

flow reversals, flow separations, vortices/eddy currents occur near edge of flow pattern flow quality has multiple changes in direction and spectral broadening

Answer 64

Post -stenotic turbulence (End of the stenosis)