Physiology- Claire's topic Flashcards by Maddison Nevill

Which hormone directly triggers ovulation during the menstrual cycle?
A. FSH
B. Progesterone
C. LH
D. Estrogen
E. GnRH

C. LH

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During the luteal phase, the corpus luteum primarily secretes:
A. FSH
B. Estrogen only
C. LH
D. Progesterone and estrogen
E. Testosterone

D. Progesterone and estrogen

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What is the role of ZP3 in fertilization?
A. Prevents polyspermy
B. Activates meiosis II
C. Recruits granulosa cells
D. Binds sperm for acrosome reaction
E. Initiates blastocyst formation

D. Binds sperm for acrosome reaction

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Which structure secretes hCG to maintain the corpus luteum after fertilization?
A. Zona pellucida
B. Inner cell mass
C. Syncytiotrophoblast
D. Cytotrophoblast
E. Morula

C. Syncytiotrophoblast

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Which event occurs as a result of the cortical reaction in the oocyte?
A. Sperm capacitation
B. Zona hardening
C. ZP3 activation
D. Acrosome rupture
E. Fusion of pronuclei

B. Zona hardening

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The morula develops into a blastocyst by which process?
A. Implantation
B. Compaction and cavitation
C. Meiosis II
D. Gastrulation
E. Zona hatching

B. Compaction and cavitation

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Which phase of the uterine cycle coincides with high progesterone levels?
A. Menstrual phase
B. Follicular phase
C. Proliferative phase
D. Secretory phase
E. Periovulatory phase

D. Secretory phase

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What stimulates endometrial decidualization?
A. Estrogen from follicles
B. LH surge
C. Progesterone from corpus luteum
D. hCG from trophoblast
E. Inhibin from granulosa cells

C. Progesterone from corpus luteum

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Which hormone promotes breast development and myometrial growth during pregnancy?
A. Prolactin
B. Estrogen
C. Oxytocin
D. Progesterone
E. Relaxin

B. Estrogen

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Which enzyme is required for the development of male external genitalia from testosterone?
A. Aromatase
B. 17β-HSD
C. Synthetase
D. 5α-reductase
E. Phosphodiesterase

D. 5α-reductase

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In the absence of MIS (AMH), the embryonic reproductive tract develops into:
A. Vas deferens
B. Epididymis
C. Seminal vesicles
D. Oviducts and uterus
E. Testes

D. Oviducts and uterus

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What is the functional role of hCG during early pregnancy?
A. Stimulates oxytocin secretion
B. Suppresses FSH secretion
C. Promotes uterine contractions
D. Maintains the corpus luteum
E. Initiates placental development

D. Maintains the corpus luteum

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What defines the transition from a zygote to a morula?
A. Ovulation
B. Zona hatching
C. Multiple mitotic divisions
D. Differentiation of trophoblast
E. Gastrulation

C. Multiple mitotic divisions

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Which hormone is secreted by granulosa cells to inhibit FSH?
A. Estrogen
B. Inhibin
C. LH
D. hCG
E. GnRH

B. Inhibin

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SRY gene expression in the embryo leads to:
A. Formation of ovaries
B. Regression of Wolffian ducts
C. Secretion of MIS and testosterone
D. Development of uterus and fallopian tubes
E. Expression of aromatase

C. Secretion of MIS and testosterone

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Which layer of the uterus is shed during menstruation?
A. Myometrium
B. Endometrium – stratum basalis
C. Endometrium – stratum functionalis
D. Perimetrium
E. Decidua basalis

C. Endometrium – stratum functionalis

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What structure forms the placenta alongside the maternal decidua?
A. Inner cell mass
B. Zona pellucida
C. Cytotrophoblast
D. Syncytiotrophoblast
E. Chorion

E. Chorion

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Which structure in the ovary houses the developing oocyte and secretes estrogen pre-ovulation?
A. Corpus luteum
B. Primary follicle
C. Antral follicle
D. Graafian (dominant) follicle
E. Theca interna

D. Graafian (dominant) follicle

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Capacitation of sperm occurs:
A. During spermatogenesis in testes
B. In the epididymis
C. After acrosomal reaction
D. In the female reproductive tract
E. Within the zona pellucida

D. In the female reproductive tract

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The zona reaction prevents:
A. Ovulation
B. Follicle rupture
C. Sperm binding to ZP3
D. Entry of more than one sperm
E. Oocyte activation

D. Entry of more than one sperm

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The luteal-placental shift refers to:
A. The shift of progesterone production from ovary to placenta
B. Implantation into the decidua
C. Degeneration of corpus luteum
D. Change in hormone from LH to hCG dominance
E. Transition from embryo to fetus

A. The shift of progesterone production from ovary to placenta

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Which hormone maintains the uterine lining before placental progesterone secretion begins?
A. FSH
B. hCG
C. Estrogen
D. Relaxin
E. Prolactin

B. hCG

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Which process occurs first after fertilization?
A. Zona hatching
B. Meiosis II completion
C. Implantation
D. Formation of trophoblast
E. Syncytiotrophoblast invasion

B. Meiosis II completion

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What term describes the ability of the inner cell mass to develop into any body tissue?
A. Multipotent
B. Omnipotent
C. Totipotent
D. Pluripotent
E. Unipotent

D. Pluripotent

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Which enzyme is essential for testosterone to exert its masculinizing effect on external genitalia? A. Aromatase B. CYP450 C. 5α-reductase D. Tyrosine hydroxylase E. PDE5

C. 5α-reductase

Which event indicates successful implantation? A. Zona pellucida remains intact B. hCG undetectable in maternal blood C. Syncytiotrophoblast invades endometrium D. Formation of morula E. Capacitation of sperm

C. Syncytiotrophoblast invades endometrium

What is the role of MIS (anti-Müllerian hormone) during sex differentiation? A. Induces Wolffian duct regression B. Promotes ovarian development C. Prevents development of female reproductive tract D. Activates testosterone synthesis E. Stimulates estrogen secretion

C. Prevents development of female reproductive tract

Which of the following best describes the morula? A. A hollow ball of cells B. The structure that implants C. A solid ball of 16–32 cells D. A fully developed embryo E. The site of ovulation

C. A solid ball of 16–32 cells

Theca cells in the follicle produce androgens in response to which hormone? A. FSH B. LH C. Estrogen D. Progesterone E. Prolactin

B. LH

Which hormone surge induces resumption of meiosis in the oocyte? A. FSH B. Progesterone C. LH D. hCG E. Inhibin

C. LH

Which of the following cells are responsible for nourishing developing sperm in the seminiferous tubules? A. Leydig cells B. Spermatogonia C. Sertoli cells D. Myoid cells E. Primary spermatocytes

C. Sertoli cells

What hormone do Leydig cells primarily produce? A. Inhibin B. Estrogen C. LH D. Testosterone E. DHT

D. Testosterone

Which of the following hormones directly stimulates Leydig cells? A. FSH B. GnRH C. LH D. Testosterone E. DHT

C. LH

Where does spermatogenesis occur? A. Epididymis B. Vas deferens C. Seminiferous tubules D. Prostate gland E. Rete testis

C. Seminiferous tubules

Which structure stores and matures sperm before ejaculation? A. Vas deferens B. Seminiferous tubule C. Epididymis D. Rete testis E. Ejaculatory duct

C. Epididymis

What is the role of the blood-testis barrier formed by Sertoli cells? A. Transport sperm to the epididymis B. Prevent autoimmune attack on sperm C. Stimulate testosterone secretion D. Support sperm motility E. Secrete seminal fluid

B. Prevent autoimmune attack on sperm

Spermatogonia are: A. Mature spermatozoa B. Cells undergoing meiosis I C. The diploid stem cells of spermatogenesis D. Secondary spermatocytes E. Haploid

C. The diploid stem cells of spermatogenesis

Which of the following is secreted by the prostate gland? A. Fructose B. Prostaglandins C. Alkaline fluid D. Lubricating mucus E. Testosterone

C. Alkaline fluid

Which hormone stimulates Sertoli cells to support spermatogenesis? A. LH B. FSH C. GnRH D. Testosterone E. DHT

B. FSH

Inhibin is secreted by: A. Leydig cells B. Hypothalamus C. Anterior pituitary D. Spermatogonia E. Sertoli cells

E. Sertoli cells

What is the function of the seminal vesicles? A. Secrete alkaline fluid rich in enzymes B. Store sperm C. Contribute fructose and prostaglandins to semen D. Produce testosterone E. Filter abnormal sperm

C. Contribute fructose and prostaglandins to semen

What is the chromosomal content of a secondary spermatocyte? A. Diploid (2n) B. Haploid (n), duplicated C. Haploid (n), single-stranded D. Tetraploid (4n) E. Aneuploid

B. Haploid (n), duplicated

The process of spermiogenesis specifically refers to: A. Mitosis of spermatogonia B. Meiosis I and II C. Maturation of spermatids into spermatozoa D. Movement of sperm to epididymis E. Capacitation

C. Maturation of spermatids into spermatozoa

Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is essential for: A. Sperm motility B. Testis descent C. Development of internal male genitalia D. Development of external male genitalia E. Spermatid differentiation

D. Development of external male genitalia

Which part of the sperm contains enzymes necessary to penetrate the egg? A. Midpiece B. Tail C. Acrosome D. Nucleus E. Flagellum

C. Acrosome

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating Leydig cells to produce testosterone? A. FSH B. LH C. Inhibin D. GnRH E. Estradiol

B. LH

Sertoli cells respond to which pituitary hormone? A. LH B. GnRH C. FSH D. Testosterone E. Progesterone

C. FSH

What is the correct sequence of spermatogenesis? A. Spermatogonia → Spermatocyte → Spermatid → Spermatozoa B. Spermatogonia → Spermatid → Spermatocyte → Spermatozoa C. Spermatozoa → Spermatid → Spermatocyte → Spermatogonia D. Spermatid → Spermatogonia → Spermatozoa → Spermatocyte E. Spermatocyte → Spermatogonia → Spermatid → Spermatozoa

A. Spermatogonia → Spermatocyte → Spermatid → Spermatozoa

What key function do Sertoli cells NOT perform? A. Form the blood-testis barrier B. Secrete androgen-binding protein C. Respond to FSH D. Produce testosterone E. Support germ cell development

D. Produce testosterone

Which hormone provides negative feedback to the anterior pituitary to reduce FSH secretion in males? A. Testosterone B. LH C. GnRH D. Inhibin B E. Progesterone

D. Inhibin B

During spermatogenesis, the first meiotic division results in the formation of: A. Spermatogonia B. Secondary spermatocytes C. Spermatids D. Sertoli cells E. Spermatozoa

B. Secondary spermatocytes

Testosterone exerts its negative feedback effect primarily on: A. Sertoli cells only B. Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary C. Posterior pituitary D. The epididymis E. Spermatids

B. Hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

What is the function of androgen-binding protein (ABP)? A. Degrades testosterone B. Stimulates LH secretion C. Concentrates testosterone in seminiferous tubules D. Prevents spermatogenesis E. Converts testosterone to DHT

C. Concentrates testosterone in seminiferous tubules

Which cells form the tight junctions of the blood-testis barrier? A. Leydig cells B. Spermatids C. Sertoli cells D. Spermatogonia E. Peritubular myoid cells

C. Sertoli cells

How many functional sperm cells are typically produced from one primary spermatocyte? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4 E. 5

D. 4

Which hormone stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone? A. FSH B. LH C. GnRH D. Inhibin B E. DHT

B. LH

What is the function of Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules? A. Secretion of LH B. Production of testosterone C. Supporting developing germ cells and forming the blood-testis barrier D. Triggering the LH surge E. Synthesising sperm motility factors

C. Supporting developing germ cells and forming the blood-testis barrier

Which of the following is a direct effect of FSH in males? A. Stimulates Leydig cells B. Stimulates GnRH release C. Inhibits spermatogenesis D. Acts on Sertoli cells to promote spermatogenesis E. Increases DHT synthesis in peripheral tissues

D. Acts on Sertoli cells to promote spermatogenesis

What is the role of inhibin B in the male reproductive system? A. Stimulates Sertoli cells B. Provides negative feedback on LH C. Inhibits FSH release from the anterior pituitary D. Promotes testosterone synthesis E. Enhances GnRH secretion

C. Inhibits FSH release from the anterior pituitary

What best describes the hormonal regulation of testosterone secretion? A. GnRH → FSH → Sertoli cells → Testosterone B. GnRH → LH → Leydig cells → Testosterone C. FSH → Leydig cells → Testosterone D. LH → Sertoli cells → Testosterone E. Testosterone → FSH → GnRH

B. GnRH → LH → Leydig cells → Testosterone

Where are spermatozoa stored and mature before ejaculation? A. Seminiferous tubules B. Rete testis C. Epididymis D. Prostate gland E. Vas deferens

C. Epididymis

Which structure produces inhibin B in the male reproductive system? A. Leydig cells B. Hypothalamus C. Epididymis D. Sertoli cells E. Prostate

D. Sertoli cells

What is the function of the blood-testis barrier formed by Sertoli cells? A. Transporting testosterone B. Preventing autoimmune responses to developing sperm C. Supplying oxygen to sperm D. Activating FSH receptors E. Enhancing sperm motility

B. Preventing autoimmune responses to developing sperm

Which hormone provides negative feedback to the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to regulate testosterone levels? A. LH B. FSH C. Inhibin D. Testosterone E. GnRH

D. Testosterone

What happens when intratesticular testosterone levels are insufficient? A. Spermatogenesis accelerates B. FSH secretion is reduced C. LH secretion increases due to reduced feedback D. Sertoli cell function is unaffected E. GnRH is inhibited

C. LH secretion increases due to reduced feedback

Which of the following is the correct sequence of cell types during spermatogenesis? A. Spermatid → Spermatogonia → Primary spermatocyte → Spermatozoa B. Spermatogonia → Primary spermatocyte → Secondary spermatocyte → Spermatid → Spermatozoa C. Primary spermatocyte → Spermatogonia → Spermatid → Spermatozoa D. Spermatogonia → Secondary spermatocyte → Primary spermatocyte → Spermatid → Spermatozoa E. Spermatid → Secondary spermatocyte → Primary spermatocyte → Spermatogonia

B. Spermatogonia → Primary spermatocyte → Secondary spermatocyte → Spermatid → Spermatozoa

Why are the testes located in the scrotum outside the abdominal cavity? A. To enhance the pressure needed for ejaculation B. To maintain a temperature ~2–4°C lower than body temperature for optimal spermatogenesis C. To avoid exposure to high concentrations of androgens D. To protect the seminiferous tubules from acidic conditions E. To increase vascular supply from the renal arteries

B. To maintain a temperature ~2–4°C lower than body temperature for optimal spermatogenesis

What enzyme converts testosterone to the more potent androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT)? A. Aromatase B. 5-alpha reductase C. Dehydrogenase D. Tyrosine hydroxylase E. 17β-HSD

B. 5-alpha reductase

What is the function of androgen-binding protein (ABP) secreted by Sertoli cells? A. Converts testosterone to DHT B. Binds to LH and transports it to Leydig cells C. Concentrates testosterone in the seminiferous tubules for spermatogenesis D. Triggers apoptosis of defective sperm E. Inhibits the release of inhibin

C. Concentrates testosterone in the seminiferous tubules for spermatogenesis

Why must GnRH be secreted in a pulsatile manner? A. To synchronise the menstrual cycle B. To prevent continuous stimulation of the adrenal cortex C. To maintain the sensitivity of gonadotrophs to release LH and FSH D. To ensure rapid degradation of GnRH in the bloodstream E. To maximise conversion of testosterone to estradiol

C. To maintain the sensitivity of gonadotrophs to release LH and FSH

Which of the following is not a product secreted by Sertoli cells? A. Androgen-binding protein (ABP) B. Inhibin B C. Testosterone D. Growth factors supporting spermatogenesis E. Enzymes that contribute to the blood-testis barrier

C. Testosterone

Which of the following is a physiological effect of testosterone during male puberty? A. Increased prolactin secretion B. Decreased skeletal muscle mass C. Deepening of the voice via laryngeal enlargement D. Atrophy of the seminal vesicles E. Inhibition of red blood cell production

C. Deepening of the voice via laryngeal enlargement

What is the primary function of Inhibin B secreted by granulosa cells during the follicular phase? A. Stimulates LH release from the anterior pituitary B. Promotes ovulation C. Inhibits FSH release from the anterior pituitary D. Enhances GnRH pulse frequency E. Inhibits estrogen synthesis

C. Inhibits FSH release from the anterior pituitary

The release of GnRH from the hypothalamus is primarily: A. Continuous and unchanging B. Inhibited by low estrogen levels C. Pulsatile, which is essential for normal LH and FSH secretion D. Stimulated by high progesterone in the luteal phase E. Suppressed by FSH during the early follicular phase

C. Pulsatile, which is essential for normal LH and FSH secretion

The dominant follicle is selected during the mid-follicular phase due to: A. A surge in LH B. A decline in estrogen secretion C. Higher sensitivity to FSH and increased aromatase activity D. Decreased inhibin production E. Direct stimulation by progesterone

C. Higher sensitivity to FSH and increased aromatase activity

Aromatase enzyme in granulosa cells converts androgens to estrogens under the stimulation of: A. LH B. GnRH C. Estrogen D. FSH E. Progesterone

D. FSH

After ovulation, the secondary oocyte remains arrested in: A. Prophase I B. Metaphase I C. Anaphase II D. Metaphase II E. Telophase I

D. Metaphase II

In the absence of fertilisation, the corpus luteum degenerates around: A. Day 7 B. Day 10 C. Day 14 D. Day 21 E. Day 28

D. Day 21

What causes the shedding of the endometrial lining in menstruation? A. Rise in FSH and LH B. Drop in progesterone and estrogen from the corpus luteum C. Surge in GnRH D. Increase in prolactin E. Surge in androgen levels

B. Drop in progesterone and estrogen from the corpus luteum

Progesterone's main effect on GnRH secretion is: A. Increase in pulse frequency B. Decrease in pulse frequency C. Total suppression of GnRH release D. Stimulation of continuous GnRH secretion E. No effect

B. Decrease in pulse frequency

During the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, what is the primary hormonal signal promoting follicle maturation? A. LH B. Progesterone C. Estradiol D. FSH E. GnRH

D. FSH

What is the correct order of follicle development? A. Primordial → Secondary → Primary → Graafian B. Primordial → Primary → Secondary → Antral → Graafian C. Primary → Primordial → Antral → Secondary D. Primary → Secondary → Primordial → Antral E. Graafian → Antral → Secondary → Primary

B. Primordial → Primary → Secondary → Antral → Graafian

What triggers the LH surge during the menstrual cycle? A. Decreased FSH levels B. Sustained low estradiol C. High progesterone D. Rising estradiol levels exerting positive feedback on the hypothalamus E. Declining inhibin

D. Rising estradiol levels exerting positive feedback on the hypothalamus

The LH surge initiates which of the following processes? A. Endometrial shedding B. Inhibin B release C. Ovulation and luteinisation of the follicle D. Estrogen synthesis by granulosa cells E. Conversion of progesterone to estradiol

C. Ovulation and luteinisation of the follicle

Granulosa cells acquire LH receptors during: A. The primordial follicle stage B. The preantral stage C. Mid-follicular phase D. Just before the LH surge E. After ovulation

D. Just before the LH surge

What is the primary role of inhibin B during the follicular phase? A. Stimulate estrogen production B. Promote the LH surge C. Inhibit FSH secretion D. Stimulate GnRH pulses E. Support luteal cell function

C. Inhibit FSH secretion

What best describes the steroidogenic shift during luteinisation? A. Granulosa cells begin expressing aromatase B. Theca cells begin producing progesterone C. Granulosa cells begin converting cholesterol to progesterone D. Estrogen production rises due to increased FSH E. LH secretion is suppressed

C. Granulosa cells begin converting cholesterol to progesterone

After ovulation, the dominant follicle transforms into the: A. Primordial follicle B. Antral follicle C. Secondary oocyte D. Corpus luteum E. Zona pellucida

D. Corpus luteum

Which of the following statements about oogenesis is true? A. Oogonia complete mitosis after puberty B. Primary oocytes are diploid and arrested in metaphase II C. Secondary oocytes are released at ovulation and arrested in metaphase II D. Meiosis is completed at fertilisation of the primary oocyte E. Polar bodies are secreted into the follicular fluid

C. Secondary oocytes are released at ovulation and arrested in metaphase II

Physiology- Claire's topic Flashcards

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