Physiology exam 1

Question 1

What are the three parts of physiology?

Answer 1

• study of biological function; how the body works
• pathophysiology
• comparative physiology

Question 2

Describe what 4 things entail the study of biological function

Answer 2

• concerned with the normal function of cells
• emphasizes mechanisms - how it works
• explains using cause and effect sequences
• derived from scientific experiments

Question 3

Describe the 2 things that entail the study of pathophysiology

Answer 3

• concerns how disease or injury affects physiological processes
• aids understanding of normal processes

Question 4

Describe the 2 things that entail the study of comparative physiology

Answer 4

• studies the differences and similarities in functions of invertebrates and vertebrates
• has aided in the development of pharmaceutical drugs

Question 5

Homeostasis

Answer 5

constancy of the internal environment

Question 6

How is homeostasis most often accomplished?

Answer 6

by negative feedback loops

Question 7

Deviation from homeostasis indicates what?

Answer 7

disease

Question 8

What is the main purpose of our physiological mechanisms?

Answer 8

to maintain homestasis

Question 9

What is the purpose of negative feedback loops?

Answer 9

to stop or inhibit

Question 10

What is the pathway for negative feedback loops?

Answer 10

• sensors: detect change and send info to the integrating center
• integrating center: assesses change around a set point, then sends instructions to the effector
• effector: makes the appropriate adjustments to counter the change from the set-point

Question 11

4 mechanisms of negative feedback loops

Answer 11

• moves in the opposite direction from the change
• makes the change from the set-point smaller
• reverses the change in the set-point
• continuous process, always making fine adjustments to stay in homeostasis

Question 12

antagonistic effectors

Answer 12

or opposing effectors are found throughout the body and move in opposite directions to keep the body at homeostasis. ex: sweating/shivering

Question 13

What does positive feedback do?

Answer 13

stimulates

-could not work alone but contributes to many negative feedback loops

Question 14

What two ways can regulation of processes within organs occur?

Answer 14

• intrinsically

- extrinsically

Question 15

intrinsic regulation

Answer 15

cells within the organ sense a change and signal to neighboring cells to respond appropriately

Question 16

extrinsic regulation

Answer 16

the brain (or other organs) regulate an organ using the endocrine or nervous system

Question 17

What are the 4 major categories of tissues?

Answer 17

• muscle
• nervous
• epithelial
• connective

Question 18

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?

Answer 18

• skeletal muscle
• cardiac muscle
• smooth muscle

Question 19

Give 6 characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue

Answer 19

1. voluntary
2. most associate with bones that are pulled to produce movement
3. a few do not cause skeletal movement but are under conscious control: tongue, esophagus, sphincters, and diaphragm
4. has cells organized in striations
5. union of separate cells called my blasts to form myofibers - a syncytium
6. can produce a graded response