Physiology Extra Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
AMR
A
Anti-Microbial Resistance
2
Q
CRISPR
A
‘Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Pallindromic Repeats’
Used to modify DNA of living organisms
3
Q
White Blood Cells
A
Neutrophils 40-60%
Lymphocytes 20-40%
Monocytes 2-8%
Eosinophils 1-4%
Basophils 0.5-1%
4
Q
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
A
Called granulocytes as their cytoplasm contains granules. Also called polymorphonuclear cells as they have an irregularly shaped nucleus
5
Q
Neutrophils functions
A
Phagocytosis
Degranulation/exocytosis (empties their contents to kill)
Netosis
6
Q
Hierarchical release of neutrophil granules
A
Tertiary granules
Secondary granules
Primary granules
7
Q
Macrophages functions
A
Phagocytosis
Make proteins (cytokines)
APCs
8
Q
APCs
A
‘Antigen Presenting Cells’
Cells that present antigen to adaptive immune cells
9
Q
Dendritic cells
A
Innate cells that also develop from monocytes
10
Q
ADCC
A
‘Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity’
Cells marked with antibodies for destruction
11
Q
Adaptive Immune System
A
B cells make antibodies (AMIR)
T cells make cytokines (CMIR)
12
Q
Stages of a signal
A
Perception
Effector/Transduction
Response
13
Q
PAMPs
A
‘Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns’
Foreign structures detected by receptors
14
Q
Gram - bacteria
A
Have lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in cell membrane
Trigger TLR4
15
Q
Gram + bacteria
A
Have lipoproteins in cell membrane
Trigger TLR2
16
Q
What TLR all recognise viruses?
A
TLR3/7/8/9
17
Q
CD8T Cell
A
‘Cluster of Differentiation’
Activated if antigen comes from inside the cell (infected by a virus) and is processed and presented on an MHC class I receptor
Cytotoxic T cells -> kill other cells
18
Q
CD4T Cell
A
‘Cluster of Differentiation’
Activated if antigen comes from outside the cell (phagocytosed)
Processed & presented on MHC class II receptor
Helper T cells -> help other cells (produce cytokines)
19
Q
Antigen
A
A toxin or other foreign substance that induces an immune response in the body
20
Q
B cell
A
Produces many daughter B cells which differentiate into plasma cells (secrete antibodies)
Activated by signal received from APC or T cells
21
Q
T cell
A
Produces many daughter T cells which differentiate into subsets with different functions
22
Q
Regulatory T cells
A
Regulation/homeostasis
23
Q
Different germ line regions of DNA that get mixed
A
Variable region
Joining region
Diversity region
RAG enzyme does the chopping and joining. Rearranges DNA during antibody diversity generation
24
Q
Germ line region of DNA that doesn’t get mixed
A
Constant
25
Lymphoid follicles
Specialised aggregates of lymphoid tissue for adaptive immunity
26
MALT
'Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue'
Links 2 components: The true mucosae, and secretory glands and organs that are not directly stimulated by mucosal antigens
27
Mucosa
A membrane rich in mucus glands that lines body passages and cavities
28
Mucosal system components
Specialised epithelium
Mucus
Tightly controlled regulatory mechanisms
29
Tight Junctional Complex
A specialised membrane domain at the most apical region of polarised epithelial cells
30
Goblet cells
Secrete mucins and create a projective mucus layer
31
Paneth cells
Highly specialised secretory epithelial cells
32
M cells
Specialised epithelial cells of the MALT.
Transport antigens from the lumen of the intestine to cells of the immune system
33
Dysbiosis
A reduction in diversity of bacterial species when a single pathogen takes over
34
Stem cell
A single cell that can replicate itself, or differentiate into many cell types
35
Totipotent cells
Each cell can develop into a new individual
Eg. cells of embryo of 1-3 days
36
Pluripotent cells
Each cell can form any cell type (over 200)
Eg. cells of blastocyst of 5-14 days
37
Multipotent cells
Cells differentiate and can form a number of tissue types
Eg. foetal tissue, cord blood, adult cells
38
Myelopoiesis
Production of bone marrow and all non-lymphoid blood cells
39
Lymphopoiesis
Production of new lymphocytes, including B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and natural killer (NK) cells
40
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
Serve as cell signalling molecules for normal biologic processes
41
Respiratory (oxidative) burst
The rapid release of the reactive oxygen species (ROS)
42
Gamma delta T cells
Unconventional T cells as they have both innate and adaptive properties
43
Inflammatory anergy
Cells are in general hyporesponsive
44
Passive protection
Ruminants have a syndesmochorial placenta
Entirely dependent on IgG antibodies from colostrum
45
Colostrum species
Horse, cow, sheep, pig -> predominantly IgG
Human -> predominantly IgA
46
Transcytosis
Immunoglobulins bind to Fc receptors on epithelial cells in the intestine (FcRn) and then endocytosed by epithelial cells and into systemic circulation
47
In response to feeding
- Epithelial cell proliferation occurs during late gestation/post birth and weaning
- M cells expand
- Goblet cells start to develop
- Paneth cells secrete AMPs
48
'Dogma'
Th1 type immune response is reduced (to prevent inflammation)
Th2 type immune response is increased
49
NEFA
'Non-esterified fatty acids'
Concentrations typical of the early post-partum period led to substantial necrosis and a decrease in the viability of neutrophils
50
Randle Effect
The preferential shunting of glucose away from muscle and to the MG
51
Adipocytes
Make leptin which regulates obesity, energy balance, and immunity
52
Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT)
High in mitochondria and functions for thermogenesis
53
Immunosuppression
A reduction of the activation of the immune system
54
Cytokine storm
Unresolved inflammation
55
Chronic inflammation
Occurs when the inflammatory stimulus is not resolved and continual activation of the inflammatory response results
56
Endometritis
Inflammation of the uterine endometrium
57
BRDC
'Bovine Respiratory Disease Complex'
A disease caused by viral and bacterial pathogens along with environmental risk factors.
Causes of mortality in feedlot cattle
58
Effects of stress on immune system
Reduced NK cell activity
Reduced lymphocytes
Decreased helper/suppressor ratio
Decreased antibodies
Reactivation of latent viruses
Modulate cytokines
Dysregulation of immune function
Delayed wound healing
Impaired vaccine repsonses
Cancer
59
Strategies of viruses
Antigenic variation
Expression of MHC molecules to subvert immune response
Infecting & hiding cells - HIV in CD4+
60
Strategies of bacteria
Infecting & hiding cells
Production of toxins to inhibit phagocytosis
Encapsulation to prevent killing
Catalase release to inactivate hydrogen peroxide
Impair antigen presentation
61
Strategies of fungi
Produce a polysaccharide capsule to prevent opsonisation
Delays T cell killing
Can escape phagosome formation
62
Strategies of parasites
Antigenic variation to disguise themselves
63
Prion
A misfolded protein with a disrupted domain. New shape is hydrophobic and causes the mutant protein to stick to other proteins
Causes cell death and a 'spongy' appearance (holes in tissue)
eg. Scrapie in sheep, BSE in cattle
64
Father of Immunology
Edward Jenner
65
Vaccine components
Antigen + Adjuvant = Vaccine
66
Types of vaccine
Whole pathogen vaccines (live attenuated or killed (inactivated))
Pathogen fragment (subunit vaccine - eg. a viral or bacterial protein or RNA) eg. COVID vaccine
67
Gaston Ramon
French vet
Discovered vaccine adjuvants
68
DIVA
'Differentiating Infected from Vaccinated Animals'
AKA a marker vaccine. Has artificial parts added to a vaccine which will not show up with natural infection
69
Adjuvant
Activates the innate immune response to generate a greater response and thereby memory. Aim is to activate the IIR and both arms of the AIR for optimal protection
70
GIT
Gastrointestinal tract
71
% of antibiotics used on factory farms
80%
72
3 P's of defence
Phagocytosis
Protease cascades
Production of AMPs
73
Opsonisation
An immune process which uses opsonins to tag foreign pathogens for elimination by phagocytes
74
AMP
'Anti-Microbial Peptides'
A class of small peptides that are an important part of the innate immune system of different organisms.
Host defence peptides
75
Primary Lymph Organ
They create special immune cells called lymphocytes.
Bone marrow & thymus
76
Primary lymph organ in humans
Red bone marrow
77
Where do lymph cells originate from?
Stem cells in the bone marrow
78
Where do T cells mature?
Thymus
79
Where do B cells mature?
Spleen
80
Location of B area on lymph node
Lymphoid follicles
81
Location of T area on lymph node
Paracortex
82
3 functions of the lymphatic system
Removes excess fluid from body tissue
Absorbs fatty acids and transport of fat, chyle, to circulatory system
Produces immune cells
83
Mucosal sites
Eyes, nose, mouth, mammary gland, reproductive tract, respiratory tract
84
Molecular components of immune system
Innate immune molecules -> cytokines, chemokines & complement proteins
85
Innate Immunity
The body’s first line of defence against foreign molecules entering the body
Detection
Set up chain reaction
Binding of DNA
Secretion – process always the same
86
4 steps how regulatory cells regulate
Suppress proliferation of other CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and thereby suppress cytokine production (especially IL-2 production) & effector activities such as CD8+ T cell cytotoxicity
Tregs downregulate T cell co-stimulatory molecules
Tregs killer responder T cells by a granzyme-dependent or perforin-dependent mechanism
Secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines including IL-10 & TGF-B
87
No. of monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes in cows
o Monocytes – 400/uL
o Neutrophils – 1500/uL
o Lymphocytes – 5000/uL
88
Ligand
Something that binds with a biological molecule to form a complex and produce some effect
89
Phagocytosis
Engulf foreign bodies by extending its cytoplasm in pseudopods surrounding the foreign particle and forming a vacuole
90
Type of innate immune proteins
Complement, acute phase proteins, cytokines, chemokines, AMPs, perforin, granzyme
91
Oral mucosa
Has a stratified squamous epithelium. It is the lining or ‘skin’ inside of the mouth including cheeks and lips.
3 types – lining, masticatory & specialised
92
Intestinal mucosa
Peyer’s patch is present in the mucus membrane of the small intestine
93
MS function
'Mucosal system'
Prevents inappropriate immune reactions to food antigens or the commensal flora and is responsible for guarding a vast surface area against pathogens
94
Epithelial cell function
secreting mucus, sensing and responding to invasion, combatting pathogens, communication with immune cells, restoring homeostasis, & regeneration
95
Tight junction function
Maintain the cellular polarity and the establishment of compositionally distinct fluid compartments in the body
Surround the upper part of the lateral surfaces of the adjacent epithelial cells to create fusion points
96
How long do neutrophils live for?
6hours
97
Johnes Disease
Similar to TB caused by bacteria called MAP. Infectious disease. MAP survives pasteurisation – problem for industry (baby food)
98
Specialised epithelial tissue examples
Paneth cells, M cells, glandular epithelium (tissue)
99
Paneth cell function
Secrete AMPs and immunomodulating proteins
Regulate the composition of intestinal flora
100
Examples of sites in the body that are immune priveleged
Eye, brain, pregnant uterus, ovary & testis, adrenal cortex, hair follicles, hamster cheek pouch, certain tumours
101
Maternal recognition of pregnancy
Interferon-tau -> antiviral molecule (stops cow from cycling)
102
Haematopoiesis
Process by which stem cells proliferate and differentiate into all cellular components of the blood
103
High levels of cortisol during birth =
Causes stress
104
Niche
The role an organism plays in a community
105
Lymphatic nodules
Bundles of lymphatic cells located in the mucus membranes that line the gastrointestinal, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts.
Eg. tonsils, adenoids & Peyer’s patches
106
Lymph
Formed when the interstitial fluid is collected through tiny lymph capillaries. Transported through lymph vessels & nodes that clean & filter. Flows onto the lymphatic ducts and empties into the right/left subclavian vein & mixes back with blood
107
Deficiency of Calcium
Eucalcaemia
108
DAMPs
'Damage Associated Molecular Patterns'
109
IL-10
Deactivates
110
IL-1
Switches everything on
111
3 pillars
Human, animal, and environmental health
112
DTH
'Delayed Type Hypersensitivity'
TB testing, after 72 hrs
113
Antibody
Y-shaped molecule
