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part I > physiology- male > Flashcards

physiology- male Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

what % of men is affected by infertility in UK?

impaired spermatogenesis affects what % of them?

A

6%

90%

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2
Q

what % of conceptions is affected by abnormal meiosis & meiosis?

what % of livebirths are affected by above?

A

7%

0.7&

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3
Q

what is the function of testes?

A

produce & store sperm

produce hormones

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4
Q

how much below body temp is the optimum temperature for production of sperm?

A

1.5-2.C

overheating of testes reduces sperm count

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5
Q

normal size and volume of testes?

A

3.5-5.5 cm long
2.0-3.0cm wide

15-30mL = volume

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6
Q

male reproductive tract structure:

A

ASPC

ampulla
seminal vesicle
prostate
Cowper’s gland

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7
Q

testes structure:

which part of testis is the site of spermatogenesis?

what % of testes is this?

how does it all fit

A

seminiferous tubules

90% of testes = seminiferous tubules

  • tubules are tightly coiled to create large surface areas = lobules
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8
Q

what do seminiferous tubes’ lobules feed into?

what does this structure lead into?

A

rete –>epidydimis & vas deferens

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9
Q

what are the walls of the seminferous tubule made of?

what kind of cells are these?

A

Sertoli cells

tall columnar endothelial cells

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10
Q

what cells lie on the basement membrane between Sertoli cells?

what are spaces between the cells filled with?

A

spermatogonia (primary germ cells)

  • blood
  • lymphatic vessles
  • Leydig cells
  • intersitial fluid - v high volume, would be considered oedemic in any other tissue
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11
Q

what layer is there in addition to basal lamina to protect from infection?

A

tight junction

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12
Q

role of tight junction (where exactly is this??)

A
  • opens to allow passage of spermatogonia prior to completion of meiosis
  • provides luminal and adluminal compartment
  • protects spermatogonia from immune attach
  • allows specific enclosed environment for spermatogenesis which is filled with secretions from Sertoli cells
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13
Q

spermatogenesis stages:
(names of cell)

A
  1. spermatogonia = sperm cell on basement membrane.
    capable of meiotic and mitotic divisision
    i.e. produces primary spermatocytes ot more spematogonia
  2. spermatocyte
    - committed to differentiative pathway
    primary spermatocyte = 46XY
    secondary spermatocytes have divided meiotically to 23X + 23Y
  3. spermatid
    - 2nd division occurs to give 4 round spermatids
  4. spermatozoa
    = mature sperm extruded into lumen
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14
Q

what controls movement of sperm cells into lumen?

A

Sertoli cell secretion

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15
Q

how long does sperm development take?

how frequent is a new wave?

A

74 days

every 16 days

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16
Q

oogonia vs spermatogonia
i. laid down as foetus
ii. fate of each germ cell
iii. supply finite/ infinite

A

i. both
ii. A begin meiosis to make oocyte
B begin meiosis to make spermatocyte or divide mititically to make more spermatogonia
iii. finite supply oogonia, infinite supply spermatogonia

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17
Q

hypotholamic/ pituitary/ gonadal axis in male

A

-ve feedback only

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18
Q

Leydig cell

i. which receptors are present?

ii. what is converted to what?

A

i. LH receptors (and oestrogen receptors)

ii. cholesterol –> androgens

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19
Q

LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone via what?

A

cAMP

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20
Q

in foetus testosterone production by Leydig cells is under control of which hormone?

21
Q

where within testes do androgens produced in Leydig cells go?

what is their role?

Study These Flashcards
A

cross over to Sertoli cells

control of spermatogenesis (by stimulating Sertoli cell function)

22
Q

what can happen to testosterone released into circulation? (2)

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. –> estrone and estradiol in skin and adipose tissue
    by aromatase
  2. reduced –> more active dihydrotesterone in peripheral target tissues
    by 5-alpha-reductase
23
Q

Sertoli cells

i. receptors present
ii. reaction which occurs
iii. which protein do Sertoli cells produce to concentrate testosterone?

Study These Flashcards
A

i. FSH receptors (and androgen receptors)

ii. androgens –> oestrogen
(by aromatase)
androgens –> DHT

iii. androgen-binding protein

24
Q

2 hormones needed for spermatoigenesis

Study These Flashcards
A

FSH, testosterone

other roles of testosterone:
- maintenance of prostate, seminal vesicles, ampulla and bulbourethral gland

25
female equivilent of: i. Leydig cells ii. Sertoli cells
i. theca cells ii. granulosa cells
26
where does most E2 (oestradiol)come from: i. prepuberty ii. in adult
i. Sertoli cells ii. Leydig cells both are needed to initiate spermatogenesis LH alone may be sufficient to re-initiate
27
testosterone levels in testes vs in plasma?
in testes 100x those in plasma
28
what hormone alone may be used to re-initiate spermatogenesis in hypotrophic hypogonadism in adult?
LH
29
effect of exogenous steroids on -ve feedback:
- testes shrink - hypotrophic hypogonadism (i.e. -ve feedback to hypothalamus is overwhelmed???)
30
spermatozoan structure 3 main parts:
1. head - acrosomal cap - postacrosomal region 2. middle piece - microtubules = machinery of motility - mitochondira = energy of motility 3. tail - principle piece - end piece
31
where do mature spermatoza collect & pass onto?
rete, pass onto epididymis
32
length of epididymis? how long does it take sperm to pass? 3 parts of epididymus?
5m 8-14 days caput (head) = start of maturation corpus (body) = completion of maturation.. mobility cauda (tail) = main site of storage individual ducts of epididymis join to make vas deferens
33
what causes erection? which nervous system is involved?
vasodilation of the corpus cavernosum autonomic - causes co-ordinated contractions of vas deferens and glands
34
afferent/ efferent nerves involved in erection:
afferent: internal pudendal nerves three efferent outflows: the parasympathetic pelvic nerve (stimulatory) the sympathetic hypogastric nerve (inhibitory and some stimulatory fibres) somatic pudendal nerve (stimulatory)
35
in erection/ ejaculation what is the role of: i. sympathetic control ii. parasympathetic control
i. sympathetic: - movement of sperm into epididymus, vas deferens, penile urethra ii. parasympathetic control - erection and evacuation of urethra
36
seminal fluid consists of secretions from which 3 glands? + which other fluid
seminal vesicles prostate bulbo-urethral gland +epididymal fluid
37
ejaculate fluid reference values: i. volume ii. concentration iii. progressive motility (i.e. % which must be forwards moving) iv. normal forms (i.e. appear normal under microscope)
i. volume 1.5mL ii. concentration 15million/mL iii. progressive motility 32% iv. normal forms 4%
38
how is entry of semen into urethra prevented?
contraction of urethral sphincter
39
getting to vagina:
1. seminal fluid coagultes in vagina - prevents loss, later requalifies - seminal fluid changes acidic pH to alkali (from 3-4 to 7.2) 2. sperm passes into cervix (mucous changes) - glycoproptein molecules arrange in parallel lines (aggregates) - micelles vibrate and aid passage of motile sperm - non-alginates sperm form reservoir in cervical crypts
40
name of 2 changes sperm undergo when passing into uterus/ coming in contact with uterine fluid:
1. capacitation 2. acrosome reaction
41
what happens during capacitation? why? what initiates capacitation
biochemical removal of the surface glycoprotein - this initiates whiplash movement of tail - sperm become more hyperactive helps to reach and penetrate egg uterine/ uterine tube fluid
42
what is the purpose of the acrosome reaction?
allows sperm to male slit in zona pellucida (outer layer of egg) after binding to it
43
what cell layer protects the egg? what do these cells secrete?
cumulus cells mucus matrix
44
what causes zona pellucida secretions to withdraw?
LH surge at this point 1st meiotic division resumes and completes extra chromosomes are packaged into 1st polar body
45
by which process is the sperm taken into the ovum? what causes migration of cortical granules in egg to zona pellucida?
phagocytosis cortical granules migrate to edge and fuse with zone pellucida calcium eaves arising from fusion
46
what happens as soon as 1st sperm enters ovum? what is this process called?
membrane fusion intravelline processing
47
what happens once the sperm and egg have fused?
male sperm --> male pronucleus female 2nd polar body (remember meiosis 2 happens one sperm enters egg I think --> female pronucleus 2 join, mitosis
48
what is the blastocyst called once it reaches the 8-16 cell stage? what are the 2 distinct cell types called by this stage?
morula outer = trophoblast (develop into chorion/ placenta) inner = cell mass
49
what does blastocyst secrete to prevent breakdown of corpus luteum?
hCG interacts with LH receptors on corpus luteum

part I (12 decks)

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