Physiology, Metabolism & Genetics

Question 1

3 Major/ Basic Nutritional needs of bacteria:

C, N, E

Answer 1

Carbon
Nitrogen
Energy (ATP)

Question 2

Can grow simply, using CO2 as sole source of carbon

Answer 2

Autotrophs

Question 3

Require complex organic sources such as glucose, carbohydrates, proteins or lipids

Answer 3

Heterotrophs

Medically significant & associated with infection

Question 4

Requires additional nutrients such as vitamins, hemoglobin, etc.

Answer 4

Fastidious

Question 5

Environmental Factors Influencing Bacterial Growth:

P, T, G

Answer 5

pH
Temperature
Gaseous Composition

Question 6

Pathogenic bacteria grow best at what pH?

Answer 6

Neutral pH (7.0-7.5)
Culture media are adjusted to this pH

Question 7

Psychrophiles

Answer 7

Cold-Loving (10-20 degC)

Question 8

Mesophiles

Answer 8

Moderate Temperature (20-40 degC)

Majority associated with disease

Question 9

Thermophiles

Answer 9

High Temp (50-60 degC)

Agents of Intoxication & not really infections

Question 10

Human Pathogens grow at __ degC

Answer 10

37 degC

Question 11

Cannot grow in absence of oxygen

Answer 11

Obligate aerobes

Question 12

Require reduced level of oxygen (5-6% O2)

Answer 12

microaerophilic

Question 13

Can grow with or without oxygen

Answer 13

facultative anaerobes

Question 14

Cannot grow in presence of oxygen

Answer 14

Obligate anaerobes

Question 15

Can survive but cannot grow in aerobic conditions

Answer 15

aerotolerant anaerobes

Question 16

Requires increased CO2 (best at 5-10% CO2)

Answer 16

Capnophilic

Question 17

Bacteria Replicate by?

Answer 17

Binary Fission

Question 18

What is Binary Fission?

Answer 18

Binary Fission is when one cell asexually divides into two cells

Question 19

What is Binary Fission?

Answer 19

Binary Fission is when one cell asexually divides into two cells

Question 20

Time required for 1 cell to divide into two cells

Answer 20

Generation Time/ Doubling Time

Question 21

Bacterial Growth Curve Phases:

Answer 21

Lag Phase
Log Phase
Stationary Phase
Decline Phase/ Death Phase

Question 22

Phase where bacteria prepares to divide; little to no cell division

Answer 22

Lag Phase

Question 23

What happens in the Log phase?

Answer 23

Cells actively replicate; maximum rate of doubling

Sensitive to adverse conditions and antimicrobial drugs

Question 24

Exhaustion of nutrients & accumulation of waste products; bacterial count remains constant
Slow growth rate

Answer 24

Stationary Phase

Question 25

Number of nonviable cells exceed number of viable cells

Answer 25

Death/ decline phase

Question 26

Doubling time is short, ____ replication rate | Doubling time is ____, slow replication rate

Answer 26

higher; longer

Question 27

Bacteria can be differentiated through: | S, EP, pH

Answer 27

Utilization of Substrate Specific End-Product production of alkaline or acidic pH

Question 28

genotype

Answer 28

genetic potential

Question 29

phenotype

Answer 29

physiologic manifestation

Question 30

single, closed, circular piece of supercoiled ds-DNA

Answer 30

Bacterial genome

Question 31

small circular pieces of DNA in cytoplasm that contain extra genetic information

Answer 31

Plasmid. can code for genetic resistance or endotoxins can be replicated & passed to daughter cells

Question 32

"Jumping Genes"

Answer 32

Transposons

Question 33

Insertion Sequences

Answer 33

Small mobile nucleic acid strands capable of activating or inactivating genes; may be independent or part of transposon

Question 34

FACT: Transposons can have insertion sequences at the end

Question 35

What is Mutation?

Answer 35

Changes that occur in DNA code

Question 36

Mutation that changes one nucleotide base leading to a change in single amino acid within a protein

Answer 36

Point Mutation/ Base Mutation

Question 37

One or a few nucleotide pairs are deleted or inserted in the DNA

Answer 37

Frameshift Mutation

Question 38

Gene transfer or gene exchange between homologous regions on 2 DNA molecules; horizontal transfer of genes between bacteria

Answer 38

Genetic Recombination

Question 39

Uptake and incorporation of naked DNA into a bacterial cell; chromosomal or plasmid DNA

Answer 39

Transformation

Question 40

Transfer of bacterial genes by bacteriophage

Answer 40

Transduction

Question 41

Transfer of genetic material from donor to recipient requiring close contact, mediated by sex pilus

Answer 41

Conjugation

Question 42

Subdivision based on phenotypic differences

Answer 42

subspecies

Question 43

Subdivision based on serologic differences

Answer 43

Serovarieties

Question 44

Subdivision based on biochemical test result differences

Answer 44

Biovarieties