Physiology of Aging Flashcards by 18 22

Which of the following statement is true?
A. Gender is not a significant factor in human aging
B. The proportion of aging population is increasing in the US but decreasing in the Philippines
C. There is an epidemiologic shift in the cause of death, from infectious diseases (i.e. TB,
pneumonia)to chronic diseases. In the Philippines
D. Lifestyle is not a significant factor to aging

Ans: C

A - Females outlive Males
B - Increase in Philippines
D - Significant

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[Identify]
“A progressive increase throughout life or after a
given stadium in the likelihood that a given
individual will die during the next succeeding unit
of time”

Senescence/Aging

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True about Aging EXCEPT
a. progressive  loss  of  physiological  functions 
that increase the probability of death
b. postmaturational  deterioration  of  the 
organism.
c. age-specific decline
d. decreased ability 
to maintain homeostatic control.
e. NOTA

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True about successful aging

a. Chronologic and physiologic age are the same
b. Involves interaction of genetics and environment
c. Individuals “age” at approximately the same rates
d. There is loss of homeostasis

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Aging is unsuccessful if

a. physical function is maintained
b. mental function is maintained
c. disease is avoided
d. attained highest position in job but did not enjoy life
e. AOTA

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[Identify}

disease that usually occur in the elderly

Age related disease process

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[Identify]

changes that occur “normally” with aging in the absence of disease

Age-associated physiological changes

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Diseases of the elderly due to limited aging

o  Osteoporosis
o  Osteoarthritis
o  Prostatic adenocarinoma
o  Polymyaglia rheumatic
o  Temporal arteritis

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Disease of the elderly associated with aging (known etiology)

o  Septicemia
o  Pneumonia
o  Cirrhosis
o  Nephritis
o  Ceberovascular Disease
o  Myocardial infarction

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Associated Aging (Unknown etiology)

o  Adult-onset, Type 2 Diabetes
o  Neoplasm
o  Hypertension
o  Alzehimer’s disease
o  Parkinson’s disease
o  Emphysema

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[Decrease/Increase]

NCV

Decrease

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[Decrease/Increase]

BMR

Decrease

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[Decrease/Increase]

Cardiac Index

Decrease

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[Decrease/Increase]

Renal Blood Flow

Decrease

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[Decrease/Increase]

Maximal Breathing Capacity

Decrease

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True of Genetic Control Theories EXCEPT
a. Aging is due to something inside an organism’s
control mechanism that triggers the aging process
b. Aging is through switching on and off of certain genes
c. Aging is triggered by control mechanisms in our
genes.
d. Life span of an organism is variable
e. AOTA

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[Identify]
Aging as an adaptive characteristic that contributes
to the fitness of the human species by removing
reproductively-inactive individuals from the population

Species Theory of Weisman

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True of Genetic Control of Senescence EXCEPT
a. The exact gene that causes aging has already been identified
b. species-specific lifespans are relatively constant and genetically controlled
c. Caenorhabditis elegans, the mutation of
some genes has been shown to extend life
expectancy by 40-100
d. Methuselah gene mutation extends lifespan of fruit flies by 35%

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[Identify]

Genetic control of aging via programmed cell death which is not specific to aging but pertains to lifespan of the cell.

Apoptosis

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True of Apoptosis EXCEPT
a. Fibroblasts divide 50x before dying
b. Cells from the elder people divide the most while cells from embryos divide just 4 times
c. Cancer cells do not undergo apoptosis
d. Sequential activation and expression of genes during
different stages of development
e. AOTA

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The following are true of biological clock/ pacemaker theory except
a. programmed aging controlled by small number genes
b. Pacific salmon, aging
and death follow shortly after spawning due to adrenal hyperplasia and glucocorticoid toxicity
c. menstrual cycle is turned on
between ages 11 and 16 and stops between 45-55
yrs
d. variable amount of time

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[Identify]
Many aging effects are due to the declining ability of
the immune system to differentiate “foreign” and
“self” proteins (autoimmune factors)

Immune theory of aging

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Where is the Immune clock?

Thymus; with marked decline in T-cell activity and IL-2 production

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True of Stochastic Mechanism Theories EXCEPT

a. we age due to wear and tear
b. chromosomal abnormalities remains the same until we age
c. homeostasis declines as we age
d. NOTA

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[Identify] Aging is due to random hits that inactivate large chromosomal regions resulting in lesser ability to replicate the genetic material. The accumulation of these mutations is the basis of aging

Somatic Mutation Theory

True about Somatic Mutation Theory a. Ionizing radiation – damages resemble phenotypic changes in aging b. Radiation prolongs life c. Radiation is bad, it definitely shortens life d. It is unclear whetherxposure to radiation shortens or prolongs life e. A and D

Enumerate Senescence inducers

Telomere dysfunction, Chromatin perturbation, DNA damage, Strong Mitogenic Signals

Enumerate Senescent Phenotypes

Growth Arrest, Functional Changes, Resistance to Apoptosis

[Identify] genetic factors that through a combination of their mechanisms would lead to either arrest of growth or deterioration and deficit of function

senescence inducers

[Identify] Condition in which A child is born with abnormally short telomeres which results into rapid aging (more prone to damage)

Hutchinson-Gilford Syndrome | Childhood progeria

T/F | Antioxidants decrease as we age

[Identify] | All organisms have a finite metabolic lifetime and those with higher metabolic rate have shorter lifespan

Rate of Living Theory

True about Rate of Living theory Except a. as long as you eat less, you'll surely live longer b. energy expenditure had a negative correlation with lifespan c. Energy expenditure is directly related to oxygen expenditure d. lower Energy Expenditure reduces production of free radicals and oxidative damage

[Identify] Errors occur in molecular copying during the transcription and translation process resulting in the abnormal synthesis of proteins which might further cause more errors if not corrected especially is at catalytic site or substrate

Error Catstrophe theory;

[Identify] There exist pleiotropic genes that have favorable effect on fitness at young ages and deleterious ones at old age

Antagonistic Pleiotropic Theory

[Increase/Decrease] | secretions of the various glands of endocrine system

Decrease

[Increase/Decrease] | Insulin secretions and insulin resistance

Decrease; Increase

[Increase/Decrease] | Immune defenses

decrease

[Increase/Decrease] | T- lymphocytes

decrease

[Increase/Decrease] | autoimmunity

increase

[Increase/Decrease] | higher cortical functioning

Decrease

[Increase/Decrease] | cardiac muscle strength

decrease

[Increase/Decrease] | skeletal/smooth muscle mass

decrease

[Increase/Decrease] | Blood flow

decrease

[Increase/Decrease] | Cardiac output; explain answer

decrease, due to decreased blood flow

T/F a consequence of decreased cardiac output is easy fatiguability

Enumerate factors reducing blood flow

- normal atrophy of heart muscle (esp. left ventricle) - calcification of the heart valves/valve stenosis - arteriosclerosis (artery walls elasticity lost = “hardening”) - atherosclerosis (intra-artery deposits)

Enumerate effects of reduced blood flow

``` reduced stamina (less oxygen exchange) reduced kidney and liver function less cellular nourishment reduced muscular strength thus, increased susceptibility to drug toxicity, slower rate of healing, reduced stress response ```

Cardiovascular changes are exacerbated by ______ and | ________.

smoking;drinking

The following increase as we age EXCEPT a. heart weight b. myocyte size c. Lumen of cardiac chambers d. number of myocytes e. LV wall thickness f. Collagen content g. Fat infiltration

True of cardiovascular changes in aging a. increase in left ventricular compliance b. thinner, stiffer valves, c. no change in ventricular relaxation d. more vigorous left atrial contraction

Answer: D. by 50%, to compensate A. decrease B. THICKER, stiffer C. decreased vetricular relaxation

``` True about membrane events EXCEPT a. shortened depolarization phase b. Prolonged repolarization phase c. Slower intrinsic heart rate more dependent on tonic sympathetic stimulation d. May have loss of pacemaker cells e. More prevalent supraventricular and ventricular premature beats ```

``` True about cardiac output EXCEPT a. Preserved resting output b. improved performance at more intense exercise b. Higher end systolic afterload c. bigger ventricular volume d. higher left ventricular mass e. higher oxygen demand f. Diminished vascular responsiveness to adrenergic stimulation ```

Give 2 reasons for age related increased in systolic and maybe diastolic blood pressure

1. normal to slightly reduced cardiac output and stroke volume 2. elevation of pulse and systolic pressure reduced aortic compliance

[Increase/Decrease] | mean arterial pressure beyond 70 years

plateau/decline

Why does mean arterial pressure decline beyond 70 years?

reduction in body water, increased proportion of body fat | and more sedentary lifestyle

The following are true about changes in blood pressure in the elderly except a. affected by diet/lifestyle/psychosocial changes b. nervous regulation of BP is impaired c. baroreceptor response is impaired d. orthostatic hypotension is uncommon

True about exercise and aging EXCEPT a. maximum heart rate declines both for sedentary but not active elderly subjects b. cardiac index is reduced c. VO2 max is reduced. d. Higher stroke volume in athletes than in non-athletes

A. declines for both sedentary and active

``` Enumerate difference between active and sedentary in terms of: stroke volume in athletes aerobic capacity arterial stiffness muscle glycogen stores muscle oxygen utilization end diastolic volume and ejection fraction ```

``` Higher stroke volume in athletes Increased aerobic capacity Decreased arterial stiffness Increases muscle glycogen stores Increase muscle oxygen utilization Increased end diastolic volume and ejection fraction ```

[Increase/Decrease] | work of breathing

increase

[Increase/Decrease] | Pulmonary Reserve

decrease

[Increase/Decrease] | Diaphragm strength

decrease

[Increase/Decrease] | Chest wall compliance

decrease

[Increase/Decrease] | airway caliber

decrease

[Increase/Decrease] | lung tissue compliance

decrease

[Increase/Decrease] | ciliary activity

decrease

[Increase/Decrease] | Rib cage muscle wasting

increase

T/F lack of oxygen increase anxiety

T/F limited exercise capacity in elderly is due to reduced lung function

F; due to deterioration of other organs as well

T/F Tests on smokers and non-smokers of varying ages have shown that aging of the respiratory system is caused mainly by biologically pre-programmed cell deaths.

F; due to wear and tear

True about musculoskeletal changes in aging EXCEPT a. calcium is lost and bones become less dense in women only b. Reduction in height c. vertebrae calcify d. arthritis, the degenerative inflammation of the joint e. general impairment of mobility of the elderly

Answer:A. C - vertebrae calcify and become more rigid

[Identify] | wearing away of the joint cartilage

Osteoarthritis

[Identify] | disease of the connective tissue causing inflammation of joints

Rheumatoid arthritis

[Increase/Decrease] | production of HCl, digestive enzymes, saliva

decrease

[Increase/Decrease] | number of tastebuds

decrease

[Increase/Decrease] | Absorption of food products

no change

T/F atrophy of some glandular structures and hypoproliferation of mucosal linings

F; atrophy of all; hyperproliferation

Enumerate vitamin deficiencies in the early

Vit B, C, K

True of brain aging EXCEPT a. we lose brain cells at age 25 b. brain size does not change c. total length of sleep decreases d. Function deficits in the aged may be explained by changes in the cholinergic system and in the different catecholamines

B; shrinks

True about senescent forgetfulness a. procedural memory decline b. short term memory is unchanged c. semantic memory decline d. episodic memory decline

Answer: D Procedural, semantic memories unchanged, short term memory, decline

True about changes in higher cortical functions EXCEPT a. Decline in the ability to learn a new information b. Decline in reaction time c. Less efficiency in performing complex tasks d. NOTA

True about changes in higher cortical functions EXCEPT a. Decreased performance on timed tasks b. Delay in central processing as well as slowing of motor and sensory nerves (This is due to the decreased conduction velocity of neurons) c. no change in ability to form new synaptic connection d. NOTA

C; difficulty

Muscle fibers exhibit ____ specific force, | endurance and recovery

less

Increased denervation, preferential atrophy of | ______________ fibers

fast twitching

[Increase/Decrease] | Nerve conduction velocity

decrease

how long in an average does an elderly person sleep?

5.75-6hrs

What sleeping problems does an elderly encounter?

onset, maintenance and awakenings

What stage of sleep disappear in the elderly?

[Increase/decrease] | Slow wave

decrease

[Increase/Decrease] | Cerebral blood flow

decrease

[Increase/Decrease] | Ability to recover from ischemic stress

decrease

Decrease activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and | dopadecarboxylase affects synthesis of which neurotransmitters?

catecholamines and dopamine respectively

Parkinson's Disease is an example of hypo or hyperkinesia?

hypo

True of Neuropathological changes in the elderly EXCEPT a. at age 25, we experience approximately 1% decrease in metabolic rate per year b. reduced metabolic rate lead to reduced stamina and greater susceptibility to drug toxicity c. AOTA d. NOTA

True of Visual System in the elderly EXCEPT a. thinning of cornea and lessening of curvature resulting to inconsistent focusing b. loss of lens elasticity c. presbyopia (loss of accommodation) d. cataract (increase opacity) e. miotic (poor constriction)

A. all are true except cornea thickens

When does presbycusis start?

50 y.o

what is presbycusis?

decline in hearing

feeling of unsteadiness disequilibrium and vertigo in the elderly is due to

vestibular dysfunction specifically feeling of | unsteadiness disequilibrium and vertigo

How much of the tastebuds is lost between age 30-60?

50%

[Increase/Decrease]

Olfactory threshold