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HD 202 Exam 3 > Physiology of Aging > Flashcards

Physiology of Aging Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following statement is true?
A. Gender is not a significant factor in human aging
B. The proportion of aging population is increasing in the US but decreasing in the Philippines
C. There is an epidemiologic shift in the cause of death, from infectious diseases (i.e. TB,
pneumonia)to chronic diseases. In the Philippines
D. Lifestyle is not a significant factor to aging

A

Ans: C

A - Females outlive Males
B - Increase in Philippines
D - Significant

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2
Q

[Identify]
“A progressive increase throughout life or after a
given stadium in the likelihood that a given
individual will die during the next succeeding unit
of time”

A

Senescence/Aging

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3
Q 
True about Aging EXCEPT
a. progressive  loss  of  physiological  functions 
that increase the probability of death
b. postmaturational  deterioration  of  the 
organism.
c. age-specific decline
d. decreased ability 
to maintain homeostatic control.
e. NOTA
A

E

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4
Q

True about successful aging

a. Chronologic and physiologic age are the same
b. Involves interaction of genetics and environment
c. Individuals “age” at approximately the same rates
d. There is loss of homeostasis

A

B

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5
Q

Aging is unsuccessful if

a. physical function is maintained
b. mental function is maintained
c. disease is avoided
d. attained highest position in job but did not enjoy life
e. AOTA

A

D

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6
Q

[Identify}

disease that usually occur in the elderly

A

Age related disease process

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7
Q

[Identify]

changes that occur “normally” with aging in the absence of disease

A

Age-associated physiological changes

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8
Q

Diseases of the elderly due to limited aging

A 
o  Osteoporosis
o  Osteoarthritis
o  Prostatic adenocarinoma
o  Polymyaglia rheumatic
o  Temporal arteritis
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9
Q

Disease of the elderly associated with aging (known etiology)

A 
o  Septicemia
o  Pneumonia
o  Cirrhosis
o  Nephritis
o  Ceberovascular Disease
o  Myocardial infarction
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10
Q

Associated Aging (Unknown etiology)

A 
o  Adult-onset, Type 2 Diabetes
o  Neoplasm
o  Hypertension
o  Alzehimer’s disease
o  Parkinson’s disease
o  Emphysema
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11
Q

[Decrease/Increase]

NCV

A

Decrease

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12
Q

[Decrease/Increase]

BMR

A

Decrease

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13
Q

[Decrease/Increase]

Cardiac Index

A

Decrease

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14
Q

[Decrease/Increase]

Renal Blood Flow

A

Decrease

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15
Q

[Decrease/Increase]

Maximal Breathing Capacity

A

Decrease

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16
Q

True of Genetic Control Theories EXCEPT
a. Aging is due to something inside an organism’s
control mechanism that triggers the aging process
b. Aging is through switching on and off of certain genes
c. Aging is triggered by control mechanisms in our
genes.
d. Life span of an organism is variable
e. AOTA

A

D

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17
Q

[Identify]
Aging as an adaptive characteristic that contributes
to the fitness of the human species by removing
reproductively-inactive individuals from the population

A

Species Theory of Weisman

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18
Q

True of Genetic Control of Senescence EXCEPT
a. The exact gene that causes aging has already been identified
b. species-specific lifespans are relatively constant and genetically controlled
c. Caenorhabditis elegans, the mutation of
some genes has been shown to extend life
expectancy by 40-100
d. Methuselah gene mutation extends lifespan of fruit flies by 35%

A

B

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19
Q

[Identify]

Genetic control of aging via programmed cell death which is not specific to aging but pertains to lifespan of the cell.

A

Apoptosis

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20
Q

True of Apoptosis EXCEPT
a. Fibroblasts divide 50x before dying
b. Cells from the elder people divide the most while cells from embryos divide just 4 times
c. Cancer cells do not undergo apoptosis
d. Sequential activation and expression of genes during
different stages of development
e. AOTA

A

B.

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21
Q

The following are true of biological clock/ pacemaker theory except
a. programmed aging controlled by small number genes
b. Pacific salmon, aging
and death follow shortly after spawning due to adrenal hyperplasia and glucocorticoid toxicity
c. menstrual cycle is turned on
between ages 11 and 16 and stops between 45-55
yrs
d. variable amount of time

A

D

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22
Q

[Identify]
Many aging effects are due to the declining ability of
the immune system to differentiate “foreign” and
“self” proteins (autoimmune factors)

A

Immune theory of aging

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23
Q

Where is the Immune clock?

A

Thymus; with marked decline in T-cell activity and IL-2 production

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24
Q

True of Stochastic Mechanism Theories EXCEPT

a. we age due to wear and tear
b. chromosomal abnormalities remains the same until we age
c. homeostasis declines as we age
d. NOTA

A

B

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25
Q

[Identify]
Aging is due to random hits that inactivate large
chromosomal regions resulting in lesser ability to
replicate the genetic material. The accumulation of
these mutations is the basis of aging

A

Somatic Mutation Theory

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26
Q

True about Somatic Mutation Theory
a. Ionizing radiation – damages resemble phenotypic
changes in aging
b. Radiation prolongs life
c. Radiation is bad, it definitely shortens life
d. It is unclear whetherxposure to radiation shortens or prolongs life
e. A and D

A

E

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27
Q

Enumerate Senescence inducers

A

Telomere dysfunction, Chromatin perturbation, DNA damage, Strong Mitogenic Signals

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28
Q

Enumerate Senescent Phenotypes

A

Growth Arrest, Functional Changes, Resistance to Apoptosis

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29
Q

[Identify]
genetic factors that through a combination of their mechanisms would lead to either arrest of growth or deterioration and deficit of function

A

senescence inducers

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30
Q

[Identify]
Condition in which A child is born with abnormally short telomeres
which results into rapid aging (more prone to
damage)

A

Hutchinson-Gilford Syndrome

Childhood progeria

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31
Q

T/F

Antioxidants decrease as we age

A

T

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32
Q

[Identify]

All organisms have a finite metabolic lifetime and those with higher metabolic rate have shorter lifespan

A

Rate of Living Theory

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33
Q

True about Rate of Living theory Except
a. as long as you eat less, you’ll surely live longer
b. energy expenditure had a negative correlation with lifespan
c. Energy expenditure is directly related to
oxygen expenditure
d. lower Energy Expenditure reduces production of free radicals and oxidative damage

A

A

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34
Q

[Identify]
Errors occur in molecular copying during the
transcription and translation process resulting
in the abnormal synthesis of proteins which might further cause more errors if not corrected especially is at catalytic site or substrate

A

Error Catstrophe theory;

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35
Q

[Identify]
There exist pleiotropic genes that have
favorable effect on fitness at young ages and
deleterious ones at old age

A

Antagonistic Pleiotropic Theory

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36
Q

[Increase/Decrease]

secretions of the various glands of endocrine system

A

Decrease

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37
Q

[Increase/Decrease]

Insulin secretions and insulin resistance

A

Decrease; Increase

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38
Q

[Increase/Decrease]

Immune defenses

A

decrease

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39
Q

[Increase/Decrease]

T- lymphocytes

A

decrease

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40
Q

[Increase/Decrease]

autoimmunity

A

increase

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41
Q

[Increase/Decrease]

higher cortical functioning

A

Decrease

42
Q

[Increase/Decrease]

cardiac muscle strength

A

decrease

43
Q

[Increase/Decrease]

skeletal/smooth muscle mass

A

decrease

44
Q

[Increase/Decrease]

Blood flow

A

decrease

45
Q

[Increase/Decrease]

Cardiac output; explain answer

A

decrease, due to decreased blood flow

46
Q

T/F a consequence of decreased cardiac output is easy fatiguability

A

T

47
Q

Enumerate factors reducing blood flow

A
  • normal atrophy of heart muscle (esp. left ventricle)
  • calcification of the heart valves/valve stenosis
  • arteriosclerosis (artery walls elasticity lost =
    “hardening”)
  • atherosclerosis (intra-artery deposits)
48
Q

Enumerate effects of reduced blood flow

A 
reduced stamina (less oxygen exchange)
reduced kidney and liver function
less cellular nourishment
reduced muscular strength
thus,
increased susceptibility to drug toxicity, slower rate of healing, reduced stress response
49
Q

Cardiovascular changes are exacerbated by ______ and

________.

A

smoking;drinking

50
Q

The following increase as we age EXCEPT

a. heart weight
b. myocyte size
c. Lumen of cardiac chambers
d. number of myocytes
e. LV wall thickness
f. Collagen content
g. Fat infiltration

A

D

51
Q

True of cardiovascular changes in aging

a. increase in left ventricular compliance
b. thinner, stiffer valves,
c. no change in ventricular relaxation
d. more vigorous left atrial contraction

A

Answer: D. by 50%, to compensate

A. decrease
B. THICKER, stiffer
C. decreased vetricular relaxation

52
Q 
True about membrane events EXCEPT
a. shortened depolarization phase
b. Prolonged repolarization phase 
c.  Slower intrinsic heart rate more dependent on 
tonic sympathetic stimulation 
d.  May have loss of pacemaker cells 
e.  More prevalent supraventricular and ventricular 
premature  beats
A

A

53
Q 
True about cardiac output EXCEPT
a. Preserved resting output
b. improved performance at more intense exercise 
b.  Higher end systolic afterload
c. bigger ventricular volume
d. higher left ventricular mass
e. higher oxygen demand 
f. Diminished vascular responsiveness to 
adrenergic stimulation
A

B

54
Q

Give 2 reasons for age related increased in systolic and maybe diastolic blood pressure

A
  1. normal to slightly reduced cardiac
    output and stroke volume
  2. elevation of pulse and systolic pressure
    reduced aortic compliance
55
Q

[Increase/Decrease]

mean arterial pressure beyond 70 years

A

plateau/decline

56
Q

Why does mean arterial pressure decline beyond 70 years?

A

reduction in body water, increased proportion of body fat

and more sedentary lifestyle

57
Q

The following are true about changes in blood pressure in the elderly except

a. affected by diet/lifestyle/psychosocial changes
b. nervous regulation of BP is impaired
c. baroreceptor response is impaired
d. orthostatic hypotension is uncommon

A

D

58
Q

True about exercise and aging EXCEPT

a. maximum heart rate declines both for sedentary but not active elderly subjects
b. cardiac index is reduced
c. VO2 max is reduced.
d. Higher stroke volume in athletes than in non-athletes

A

A. declines for both sedentary and active

59
Q 
Enumerate difference between active and sedentary in terms of:
stroke volume in athletes 
aerobic capacity 
arterial stiffness 
muscle glycogen stores 
muscle oxygen utilization 
end diastolic volume and
ejection fraction
A 
Higher stroke volume in athletes 
Increased aerobic capacity 
Decreased arterial stiffness 
Increases muscle glycogen stores 
Increase muscle oxygen utilization 
Increased end diastolic volume and ejection fraction
60
Q

[Increase/Decrease]

work of breathing

A

increase

61
Q

[Increase/Decrease]

Pulmonary Reserve

A

decrease

62
Q

[Increase/Decrease]

Diaphragm strength

A

decrease

63
Q

[Increase/Decrease]

Chest wall compliance

A

decrease

64
Q

[Increase/Decrease]

airway caliber

A

decrease

65
Q

[Increase/Decrease]

lung tissue compliance

A

decrease

66
Q

[Increase/Decrease]

ciliary activity

A

decrease

67
Q

[Increase/Decrease]

Rib cage muscle wasting

A

increase

68
Q

T/F lack of oxygen increase anxiety

A

T

69
Q

T/F limited exercise capacity in elderly is due to reduced lung function

A

F; due to deterioration of other organs as well

70
Q

T/F Tests on smokers and non-smokers of
varying ages have shown that aging of the
respiratory system is caused mainly by biologically
pre-programmed cell deaths.

A

F; due to wear and tear

71
Q

True about musculoskeletal changes in aging EXCEPT
a. calcium is lost and bones become less
dense in women only
b. Reduction in height
c. vertebrae calcify
d. arthritis, the degenerative inflammation of the
joint
e. general impairment of mobility of the elderly

A

Answer:A.

C - vertebrae calcify and become more rigid

72
Q

[Identify]

wearing away of the joint cartilage

A

Osteoarthritis

73
Q

[Identify]

disease of the connective tissue causing inflammation of joints

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

74
Q

[Increase/Decrease]

production of HCl, digestive enzymes, saliva

A

decrease

75
Q

[Increase/Decrease]

number of tastebuds

A

decrease

76
Q

[Increase/Decrease]

Absorption of food products

A

no change

77
Q

T/F atrophy of some glandular structures and hypoproliferation of mucosal linings

A

F; atrophy of all; hyperproliferation

78
Q

Enumerate vitamin deficiencies in the early

A

Vit B, C, K

79
Q

True of brain aging EXCEPT
a. we lose brain cells at age 25
b. brain size does not change
c. total length of sleep decreases
d. Function deficits in the aged may be explained by
changes in the cholinergic system and in the
different catecholamines

A

B; shrinks

80
Q

True about senescent forgetfulness

a. procedural memory decline
b. short term memory is unchanged
c. semantic memory decline
d. episodic memory decline

A

Answer: D

Procedural, semantic memories unchanged, short term memory, decline

81
Q

True about changes in higher cortical functions EXCEPT

a. Decline in the ability to learn a new information
b. Decline in reaction time
c. Less efficiency in performing complex tasks
d. NOTA

A

D

82
Q

True about changes in higher cortical functions EXCEPT
a. Decreased performance on timed tasks
b. Delay in central processing as well as slowing of
motor and sensory nerves (This is due to the
decreased conduction velocity of neurons)
c. no change in ability to form new synaptic connection
d. NOTA

A

C; difficulty

83
Q

Muscle fibers exhibit ____ specific force,

endurance and recovery

A

less

84
Q

Increased denervation, preferential atrophy of

______________ fibers

A

fast twitching

85
Q

[Increase/Decrease]

Nerve conduction velocity

A

decrease

86
Q

how long in an average does an elderly person sleep?

A

5.75-6hrs

87
Q

What sleeping problems does an elderly encounter?

A

onset, maintenance and awakenings

88
Q

What stage of sleep disappear in the elderly?

A

4

89
Q

[Increase/decrease]

Slow wave

A

decrease

90
Q

[Increase/Decrease]

Cerebral blood flow

A

decrease

91
Q

[Increase/Decrease]

Ability to recover from ischemic stress

A

decrease

92
Q

Decrease activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and

dopadecarboxylase affects synthesis of which neurotransmitters?

A

catecholamines and dopamine respectively

93
Q

Parkinson’s Disease is an example of hypo or hyperkinesia?

A

hypo

94
Q

True of Neuropathological changes in the elderly EXCEPT

a. at age 25, we experience approximately 1% decrease in metabolic rate per year
b. reduced metabolic rate lead to reduced stamina and greater susceptibility to drug toxicity
c. AOTA
d. NOTA

A

D

95
Q

True of Visual System in the elderly EXCEPT

a. thinning of cornea and lessening of curvature resulting to inconsistent focusing
b. loss of lens elasticity
c. presbyopia (loss of accommodation)
d. cataract (increase opacity)
e. miotic (poor constriction)

A

A. all are true except cornea thickens

96
Q

When does presbycusis start?

A

50 y.o

97
Q

what is presbycusis?

A

decline in hearing

98
Q

feeling of unsteadiness disequilibrium and vertigo in the elderly is due to

A

vestibular dysfunction specifically feeling of

unsteadiness disequilibrium and vertigo

99
Q

How much of the tastebuds is lost between age 30-60?

A

50%

100
Q

[Increase/Decrease]

A

Olfactory threshold

HD 202 Exam 3 (4 decks)

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