Physiology of Endo

Question 1

Where is pancreas located ?

Question 2

What are the 2 types of pancreas function ?

Answer 2

Exocrine ( pancreatic juice is produced in the duct which contains digestive enzymes and produces Bicarbonate to make it alkaline )

Question 3

What does the Acinar cells produce?

Answer 3

Pancreatic amylase
Pancreatic lipase
Pancreatic protease

This exocrine function

Question 4

What is exocrine function do?

Answer 4

Pancreatic islets

Alpha cells produce glucagon (20%)

Beta cells produce insulin (70%)

Delta cells produce somatostatin which inhibits both glucagon and insulin (10%)

PP cells produce pancreatic polypeptide (5%)

Question 5

What does insulin prevent?

Answer 5

Insulin prevent fat and breakdown of glycogen

Question 6

What does insulin inhibit?

Answer 6

Gluconeogenesis

Question 7

In case of hyperglycaemia, which hormones will be release?

Answer 7

Beta cells 70% ( within the islets of Langerhans)

Question 8

If you’re fasting which hormones get released?

Answer 8

Alpha cells 20%

Question 9

which hormones balances when one gets release glucagon or insulin ?

Answer 9

Somatostatin produced by Delta cells

Question 10

In case of hypoglycemia, glucagon is secreted by?

Answer 10

Alpha cells

Question 11

What does glucagon stimulates

Answer 11

glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis within the liver therefore, increases blood glucose levels

It also inhibits insulin secretion

Question 12

What is Hyperinsulinism?

Answer 12

Excessive insulin secretion which results in hypoglycaemia
disorientation
unconsiousness

Question 13

What does Proximal Convoluted tubule contain?

Answer 13

Reabsorption
A threshold is 180mg

If the glucose level goes above 200mg, it will be thrown out in the collecting duct and that is the one tested in urine dipstick

Question 14

What is the role of Loop of Henle?

Answer 14

Na and H20 balance

Question 15

What is the role of DCT?

Answer 15

Secretion

Urea will be converted into Ammonia and it is toxic

Drugs will be excreted here

Question 16

What is the role of Collecting duct ?

Answer 16

ADH

Question 17

If there is polyuria, increase in urine outgoing lead to decrease in blood volume?

Answer 17

SIADH

Question 18

3 ps of diabetes

Answer 18

Polyuria - excessive urine output
Polydipsia - excessive thirst
Polyphagia - excessive hunger and food consumption

Question 19

Which hormone is released after food hyperglycaemia ?

Answer 19

Beta cells 70%

Question 20

Once glucose is released where does it work?

Answer 20

It works in the Brain, muscles but if the glucose is not sufficient, it will break down the fat (adipose tissue)

Breaking down of fat to the glucose is called as glycogenlysis

Fat to the gluconeolysis

Question 21

Genetic of T1DM ?

Answer 21

HLA linkage - human leukocyte antigen immune-mediated

Question 22

which cell failure does type 2 diabetes lead to?

Answer 22

B cells failure

Question 23

When is Gestational Diabetes confirmed?

Answer 23

After only 20 weeks they will confirm the diagnosis

Question 24

What is diabetic insipidus ?

Answer 24

Peeing a lot (polyuria)
Feel thirsty (polydipsia)

Question 25

Causes of Diabetes Insipidus ?

Answer 25

Central - inadequate ADH released Nephrogenic - when the kidney is unresponsive to ADH psychogenic - too much of water drinking

Question 26

Diagnosis test for Diabetes Insipidus ?

Answer 26

A water deprivation Test Vasopressin (ADH) challenge Test

Question 27

SIADH? toooo much of ADH

Answer 27

It is a posterior pituitary disorder of ADH Hypersecretion increase in BP, decrease in urinary output, oedema

Question 28

What does SIADH lead to?

Answer 28

Hyponatremia electrolyte imbalance The higher the ADH the more concentrate is urine

Question 29

Where does aldosterone act?

Answer 29

In the Loop of henle

Question 30

What does Zona Glomerulosa secrete?

Answer 30

Mineralocorticoid/ aldosterone Take care of Na balance

Question 31

What does Zona Fasciculata secrete?

Answer 31

Glucocorticoid / Cortisol/ Steroid increase glucose level

Question 32

What does Zona Reticularis Secrete ?

Answer 32

Androgens masculinising effects

Question 33

What does the medulla contain?

Answer 33

Adrenaline Noradrenaline Epinephrine

Question 34

What role does the cortisol play?

Answer 34

Supresses inflammation Decreases bone formation (osteoporotic) Regulates Blood pressure Increases Blood sugar

Question 35

Addison's associated with?

Answer 35

Pigmentation insufficiency of adrenal hormones (ACTH)

Question 36

Hyperaldosterone problem in (adrenal gland)

Answer 36

Decrease in cortisol Decrease in Aldosterone increase in CRH increase in ACTH 1 degree when there is a problem in adrenal glands Management HRT

Question 37

The problem in Anterior Pituitary

Answer 37

Decrease cortisol Increase in CRH Decrease in ACTH 2 degrees when there is a problem in the Pituatory Management HRT

Question 38

Problem in Hypothalamus

Answer 38

Decrease Cortisol Decrease ACTH Decrease CRH