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Human Physiology 2 > Physiology of Leukocytes > Flashcards

Physiology of Leukocytes Flashcards

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1
Q

True or False: Leukocytes are cells that like RBCS, have no nuclei.

A

False, they are complete cells with nuclei

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2
Q

Leukocytes account for —– of total blood volume

A

<1%
(note: 99% by RBCs)

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3
Q

The main function of the WBCs is

A

Defense against disease (protect from damage by bacteria, viruses, parasites, toxins, and cancer cells)

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4
Q

Unlike RBCs, leukocytes slip out of the capillaries, that is called ——–

A

Diapedesis
(note: RBCs leave the capillaries when bleeding)

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5
Q

True or False: Diapedesis is the mean of transport for WBCs where they are needed in inflammation and immune responses.

A

True

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6
Q

—— is the movement of WBCs towards a chemical stimulus. It happens when damaged cells release chemical molecules.

A

Chemotaxis

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7
Q

Chemotaxis helps ——- the area of tissue damage for the ——.

A

identify, WBCs

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8
Q

Following the identification of the area of tissue damage, what action do the WBCs take?

A

WBCs gather in large numbers to destroy foreign substances or dead cells.

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9
Q

When WBCs are mobilized for action, it is a sign of an ———.
What happens after this is detected?

A

Infection
Increase in WBC production (doubles) and appears in the blood within hours.

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10
Q

A WBC count above normal indicates ——–, a normal homeostatic response to an infection in the body.

A

Leukocytosis

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11
Q

WBCs are grouped into —- major categories on the basis of ——- and ——- characteristics.

A

2, structural, chemical

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12
Q

The 2 major categories of WBCs are

A

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

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13
Q

There are 5 types of leukocytes, what are they?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes, Lymphocytes

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14
Q

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils are categorized as ————–.

A

Polymorphonuclear granulocytes
(multi-shaped nuclei) (granules in the cytoplasm)

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15
Q

Polymorphonuclear granulocytes
Nuclei:
Cytoplasm:

A

Nuclei: Segmented into several lobes of different shapes
Cytoplasm: Abundance of membrane-enclosed granules

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16
Q

How are the 3 types of granulocytes distinguished?

A

By the varying affinity of their granules for dyes

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17
Q

Affinity of granules for dyes:
Eosinophils:
Basophils:
Neutrophils:

A

Eosinophils: Red dye eosin
Basophils: Basic blue dye
Neutrophils: Neutral, show no dye preference

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18
Q

Characteristics of granulocytes: Eosinophils
Nucleus:
Cytoplasmic granules:

A

Nucleus: bilobed nucleus
Cytoplasmic granules: Red

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19
Q

Characteristics of granulocytes: Basophils
Nucleus:
Cytoplasmic granules:

A

Nucleus: bilobed nucleus
Cytoplasmic granules: Purplish/blue

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20
Q

Characteristics of granulocytes: Neutrophils
Nucleus:
Cytoplasmic granules:

A

Nucleus: Multi lobed
Cytoplasmic granules: neutral, no dye preference

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21
Q

All blood cells originate from the same ———- cells in the bone marrow.

A

Pluripotent stem cells (Hemocytoblast/Multipotential hematopoietic stem cell)

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22
Q

A hemocytoblast can differentiate into either a common myeloid progenitor, which differentiates into ——, ——, or ——-, or into a common lymphoid progenitor, which differentiates into ————-.

A

Erythrocytes, Myeloblast (later becomes WBCs), or Megakaryocyte (later becomes platelets)
(note: it can also differentiate into mast cells)

Small lymphocyte (becomes either T or B lymphocytes, B lymphocytes become plasma cells) or Natural killer cells

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23
Q

List the leukocytes in order from the most abundant to the least abundant

A

Neutrophils > Lymphocytes > Monocytes > Eosinophils > Basophils

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24
Q

Leukocytes are the least numerous of the ———- in the blood.

A

Cellular elements
(1 WBC for 700 RBCs)

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25
The total number of leukocytes (WBC count)
7x10^6 cells/ml
26
------- of circulating WBCs are granulocytes, whereas ------- are agranulocytes (predominantly ---------)
2/3, 1/3, lymphocytes
27
True or false: The total number of WBCs and % of each type do not vary for certain body needs.
False, they vary to meet defense needs
28
Chemokines (chemical messengers) from damaged tissue or activated WBCs govern the
Rate of production of WBCs (and which type)
29
Chemokines regulate the rate of production of WBCs. Example: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) will ------- replication and release of ----------, especially neutrophils.
Increase, granulocytes
30
Neutrophils: Main functions: 1. 2.
1. Phagocytic specialist 2. First defenders against bacterial invasion (high neutrophils --> bacterial infection)
31
Neutrophilia is ------------------, and typically accompanies --------------.
The increase in the number of circulating neutrophils, acute bacterial infections
32
Differential WBC count is useful in making accurate predictions on whether an infection (eg: pneumonia or meningitis) is ------- or --------.
Bacterial or viral
33
To predict bacterial or viral origin, culturing is used; however, culturing samples takes time. If a WBC count result shows neutrophilia that is highly indicative of ---------. If neutrophilia is confirmed, the next step would be to?
Bacterial infection Initiate antibiotic therapy
34
Eosinophils: Main functions: 1. 2.
1. Allergic conditions (eg: allergic asthma) 2. Internal parasite infestations (eg: worms)
35
How do eosinophils respond to parasitic worms, which are much greater in size?
Eosinophils attach to worms since they cannot engulf them, then secrete enzymes from their cytoplasmic granules to kill the parasites.
36
Basophils: Main functions: 1. 2.
1. Store and release histamine during allergic reactions 2. Store and release heparin after a fatty meal to remove fat particles, and act as an anticoagulant
37
Basophils are quite similar to ----- cells. A difference would be that ----- cells do not circulate in the blood, but are confined in ---------- tissues.
Mast Mast, connective
38
After being released into the blood from the bone marrow, basophils remain in the blood for --- day before leaving the blood vessel and reaching the tissue where they survive for ------ days.
<1, 3-4
39
Monocytes: Main functions: 1. 2.
1. Phagocytic specialist 2. Mature and enlarge to form macrophages
40
True or False: Monocytes continue to mature and enlarge in the blood to become macrophages.
False, in tissues (note: they circulate for 1-2 days before settling in tissues)
41
Unless destroyed while performing phagocytic activity, macrophages live for ----------.
Months to years
42
Phagocytic cells succumb after
They ingest a certain amount of foreign material.
43
Lymphocytes: Main function: 1.
1. Immune defense against targets for which they are programmed.
44
There are --- types of lymphocytes, list them
2 T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes
45
B lymphocytes are ------ which circulate in the blood.
Antibodies (immunoglobins)
46
How do B lymphocytes perform their function?
Bind and mark the specific kind of foreign matter for destruction
47
The function of T lymphocytes is to
Directly destroy their targets such as viruses and tumor cells
48
The lifespan of lymphocytes is 100-300 days. During this period, lymphocytes are -------- in lymphoid tissues (eg: -----, ------), lymph, and blood. A small portion of lymphocytes are in-transit in the -------.
recycled, tonsils/thymus/spleen, blood
49
True or False: Levels of circulating WBCs may vary and are adjusted according to the body's needs.
True
50
Abnormalities in WBC production: Too few WBCs: Too many WBCs:
Too few WBCs: Leukopenia Too many WBCs: Leukocytosis
51
How does the bone marrow slow down or even stop its production of WBCs? (2 causes)
1. Exposure to a toxic physical agent, like radiation 2. Exposure to a chemical agent, like benzene or anticancer drugs (chemotherapy)
52
In leukopenia, the most serious consequence is the reduction of ----- (neutrophils and macrophages), because?
Phagocytes It decreases the body's defense capabilities against invading microorganisms.
53
When the bone marrow fails, the only defense available are ------- produced by --------.
Lymphocytes, lymphoid organs (thymus, tonsils, spleen)
54
Infectious Mononucleosis: Is a ----- disease, caused by EBV (Epstein-Barr Virus) a type of herpes virus. It is usually -------, unless the patient has a weak immune system.
Viral Asymptomatic (more than 90% of adults have already been exposed to EBV)
55
Infectious Mononucleosis: The number of --------- in the blood -------, and many of them are --------- in structure.
Lymphocytes, increase, atypical
56
Infectious Mononucleosis: The disease is characterized by 3 main symptoms, which are: 1. 2. 3.
1. Low-grade fever (37-38C for 24 hours) 2. Mild sore throat 2. Pronounced fatigue
57
Infectious Mononucleosis: The infection is spread via ------ and has an incubation period (-------) of 4-7 weeks. Symptoms usually persist for 2-3 weeks, but ------- is often more prolonged.
Saliva, time from exposure until onset of symptoms, fatigue (can last for months or years)
58
Infectious Mononucleosis: The disease is generally self-limiting, which means it ---------. So, only symptomatic and/or supportive treatments are used.
Tends to go on its own
59
Leukemia: Is a ----- condition that involves ------- proliferation of WBCs.
Cancerous, uncontrolled
60
Leukemia: Patients have ------- defense capabilities against foreign invasion, and WBC counts may reach as high as 500,000/mm3 instead of the normal -------/mm3.
Inadequate, 7,000/mm3
61
Leukemia: Why do patients have inadequate defense capabilities with an increased WBC count?
The majority of the cells are abnormal and immature, and so they cannot perform their normal defense function.
62
Leukemia: Leukemia can also cause displacement of -------- in the bone marrow. Why?
Other blood cell lines Because it keeps abnormally producing WBCs
63
Leukemia: Displacement of other blood cell lines in the bone marrow: Anemia: Internal bleeding:
Anemia: Decrease in erythropoiesis Internal bleeding: Deficit of platelets
64
Leukemia: The most common causes of death in leukemic are overwhelming ------, due to ------, and -------, due to -------.
Infections, WBC not functioning, Hemorrhage, Deficit of platelets
65
True or False: The only way someone can develop leukemia is if inherited.
False, environmental factors can trigger leukemia (smoking, radiation, etc.)

Human Physiology 2 (4 decks)

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