Physiology of Nutricion Test 1 Flashcards
(193 cards)
1
Q
Define the major functional categories of nutrients.
A
Proteins, lipids, Carbs, Vitamins, Minerals
2
Q
Energy Yielding Nutrients
A
Proteins, lipids, carbs
3
Q
Non energy yielding nutrients
A
Water, vitamins, minerals
4
Q
Essential Nutrients
A
Carbs, Linolenic Acid, Linoleic Acid, Vitamins, Minerals, Some AA’s (PVT. TIM HaLL), Water
5
Q
kCal
A
unit of energy
6
Q
Atwater values for different biological fuels?
A
Carbs-4kCal/gram
Fat- 9kCal/gram
Protein- 5.5kCal/gram
Alcohol-7kCal/gram
7
Q
RDA
A
Recommended Daily Allowance- Levels of Essential nutrients
Adequate for most people
Decrease risk of chronic disease
8
Q
AIs
A
Adequate Intakes- Tentative RDA’s, Need more scientific backing
9
Q
EARs
A
Estimated Average Requirments- Estimated values to meet needs of half of the healthy individuals. Used to assess population intakes
10
Q
ULs
A
Tolerable Upper Intake Levels- Upper limits of nutrients compatible with health. Limits should not be exceeded.
11
Q
DRIs
A
Dietary Reference Intakes
12
Q
Dietary Guidelines
A
Follow a healthy eating pattern across the lifespan
Focus on variety, nutrient density, and amount.
Limit calories from added sugars, saturated fats, and lower sodium intakes.
Shift to healthier food and beverage choices
Support healthy eating patters for all.
13
Q
Components of the plasma membrane
A
Phospholipid and cholesterol
Integral and peripheral Proteins
Carbs-glycoproteins and glycolipids
14
Q
Plasma Membrane
A
Encapsules the cytoplasm and controls what moves in and out of the cell
15
Q
Cytoplasm
A
Houses the cytosol and organelles
16
Q
Nucleus
A
Site of most DNA, RNA production, transcription
17
Q
Mitochondrion
A
some DNA, site of MOST ATP production in cells
18
Q
Ribosomes
A
Protein Synthesis,
19
Q
Lysosomes
A
Contain acid hydroxylates for digesting most biomolecule types.
20
Q
Rough ER
A
Synthesis of proteins
21
Q
Smooth ER
A
Synthesis of Lipid substances destine to be exported from the cell
22
Q
ER
A
Major site of metabolic operations (Glucose-6-phosphate)
ethanol metabolism
23
Q
Golgi Apparatus
A
Packages stuff from ER to be moved out of cell
Synthesizes some Carbohydrates
24
Q
DNA -RNA-Protein
A
Transcription- DNA to RNA
Translation- RNA to Protein(in Ribosome)
25
Glycolysis
input: glucose
output: 2ATP, 2 NaDH,, 2Pyruvate
26
Krebs Cycle
Input:Pyruvate
Output: Acetyl CoA, ATP, NADH H+, and FADH2, CO2
27
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Input:O2, NADH, ADP, Pi
Outputs: Water, NAD+, ATP
28
Major cell types in Nervous System
Astrocyte
Microglia
Neuron
29
Astrocyte
Supports blood-brain barrier
30
Microglia
Resident immune cell for brain
31
Neuron
sends signals to the body
32
Brain lobes
Medula Oblongota, PrefrontalCortex
| Limbic system, Corpus Callosum, Hippocampus
33
Medula Oblongota
controls unconscious actions (reptillion)
34
Prefrontal Cortex
logic and reasoning
35
Limbic System
emotions and memories stored
36
Corpus Callosum
communicates between left and right sides
37
Hippocampus
memory/learning
38
Action Potential
An electrical impulse triggered by sodium and potassium channels, moving electrical signal along the body of a nerve
39
Ions involved in NeuroTransmission
Sodium-Depolarizes cell by entering cell after stimulus occurs
Potassium:Repolarization- sodium pump closes and K pump opens allowing K to flow out
40
Neuro Transmitters
```
Dopamine-reward
Serotonin-mood regulation
Epinephrine-adrenaline
Glutamate-weakens signals
Gamma-Strengthens signals
```
41
Precursor to Dopamine
L-tyrosine
42
Precursor to Noreprinepherine
dopamine
43
Precursor to Serotonin
L-tryptophan
44
Synapse
Junction between Nerve cells where neurotransmitters cross from cell to cell
45
How to turn off a nerve signal?
Turning off Dopamine, Noreprinepherine&epineferine. Pumped back into cell and packaged.
Turning off Seratonin (oxidized or re-uptake)
Turning off acetylcholine (Acetylcholesterase)
Turning off Glutamate (released into synaple and taken up my astrocyte)
46
Schwann cells
Oligrodendrocytes that insulate the neuron
47
Somatic Nervous System
Voluntary (brain to skeletal muscle
48
Automatic Nervous system
Parasympathetic Nervous system-rest and digest
| Sympothetic nervous system -fight or flight
49
sYMPOTHETIC Nervous system
Fight or Flight
50
parasympathetic Nervous system
Rest and Digest
51
Neuromuscular junction
Synapse between nerve and muscle, where actionpotential is transferred
52
Critical Neurotransmitter for muscle contraction
Calcium
53
myofiber/myocytes
individual Muscle cells
54
myofibril
bundle of different protein chains
55
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
holding cell for Ca2+
56
Sarcomere
functional unit of myofibril; thick and thin filiments; contractile unit of cell
57
Major components of myofibril
Thick and thin filaments
58
Thin Filaments
actin-myocin binding site
tropomyosin -keeps thin and thick filaments from interacting
troponin-gatekeeper
59
Thick Filaments
Groups of myosins
60
Muscle Contraction
Action Potential transferred to muscle cell
Potential opens sarcomere to release calcium which triggers contraction
Calcium interacts with filiments and opens myosin binding site by moving troponin
61
CA+ and ATP in Muscle Contraction
Calcium opens the binding site
| ATP binds and splits myosin allowing it to craw
62
Rigor Mortis
No ATP to allow Muscles to Contract
63
Creatine
Reacts with ATP to form storage molecule-ATP phosphate. provides buffer totswitch from aerobic to anaerobic energy prodcution
64
cramp
Pyruvic acid is converted to lalcticacid
65
Chambers of the heart
Left and Right Ventrical
| Left and right atrium
66
Left Atrium
Oxygenated, high pressure blood is pumped from lungs to left ventrical
67
Left Ventrical
Pump blood to rest of body
68
Right Atrium
(DEOXY) low pressure to right ventrical
69
Right Ventrical
(DEOXY) pump blood to lungs to be oxygenated
70
Heart Mumur
Turbulance caused by a leak in valve causing bidirectional flow
71
Heart Valve
Unidirectional valve that shaped to prevent backflow
| aTRIUM FULL- VALVE OPEN
72
aUTORHYTHMIC CELLS
pacemakers-sets baseline rate ofcontraction independent of rest of body
73
Heart beat caused by?
Action potential caused by sodium, calcium and potassium
74
AV node
responsible for contraction
75
SA node
Causes contact and push into ventrical
76
Purkinji fibers
Responsible for contraction
77
Resting heart rate
100bpm
| Sinoatrial nodes sets contraction pace
78
automatic nervous systems effect on heart rate?
parasympathetic slow HR
| Sympathetic speeds up HR
79
Veins
Low pressure deoxygenated, waste and CO2
80
Arteries
high pressure
| Nutrients and oxygen present
81
Vasodilation
shear stress is read by protein sensors, smooth muscle relaxes, body increases capacity to make blood
82
Ureter
conncects kidney to bladder
83
Urethra
where urine exits the body
84
Renal Cortex
outer portion of kidney between renal capsuleand renal medulla
85
Renal Medulla
where blood gets filtered
86
automatic nervous system effect on urination
Sympathetic nervous system controls sphincter and muscle contraction
87
Nephron
filter blood in kidneys
88
Glomerulus
Inside the bowmans capsule that filters
89
counter-current multiplication
working unit of the kidney
90
kidney controls pH by
Bicarbonate is a buffer in the blood
CO2 and carbonic anhydrase make carbonic acid
Breaks down into protons and will be filtered out
91
kidney controls blood pressure by
controls reabsorbtion of water, sodium and potassium.
92
how does the stomach produce HCl
Parietal cells
93
Duodenum
Chymotripsinogen, bicarbonate, lipase/amylase and tyrpsinogen relassed from pancreas
Has transporters for peptides, AA, glucose and sodium
94
Jejunum
Active transport of AA, vitamins, and glucose
95
Ileum
Active transport of biosalts, vitamin b12
96
Islets of Langerhans
Endocrine-Insulin and glucagon regulation
| produces alpha and beta cells which produce glucogon and insulin respectively,
97
Pancreatic Acini
Digestive
Produce digestive enzymes
Produce bicarbonate
98
digestive enzymes produced by the pancreas
Chymotrypsin
trypsin
lipase
Amylase
99
hormones produced by pancreas
Glucagon-alpha cells
| insulin- beta cells
100
bile acids
produced by the liver for fat emulsification
101
Acinar cells
produce digestive enzymes
102
Centoacinar cells
Produce bicarbonate
103
Gut-associated Lymphoid tissue (Peyers Patches
located in illium
| in charge of surveillance and recon for immune system
104
colon
water and electrolyte reabsorbtion
105
ileostomy
artificial opening of the illium
106
colonostomy
artificial opening of the colon
107
Important dietary monosaccharides
Alpha linkages can be broken down by humans, beta cannot
| D- is naturally occurring, L is nto
108
Important dietary disaccharides
Lactose- glucose and galactose
Maltose-glucose and glucose
Sucrose-Glucose and fructose
109
Important dietary Polysaccharides
Starch
110
Natural form of glucose?
D-glucose
111
How starch is digested?
Amylase attaches to amylase at branching points
112
Starch
Consists of amylose and amylopectin
| has alpha linkages unlike cellulose
113
How is Glucose absorbed?
SLGT-1
| Sodium glucosetransporter 1
114
why beans cause gas
Raffinose is a beta-linked sugar in beans than cannot be broken down
Sugars ferment, causing gas formation
115
Fructose Absorbtion
passive transport
116
Resistant starch
```
Starch that cannot be digested
RS1:Digestable but innassessable
RS2:semicrystalline granules
RS3:Retrogradation during cooking
RS4: processed to make it resistant
```
117
Important Dietary Fibers
Insoluble fiber-doesn't take up water (cellulse and hemulose)
Soluble Fiber- takes up water (pectins)
118
Functions of Fiber
Alters the viscosity of intestinal contents
119
recommended intake of fiber?
25-45g/day
120
recommended intake of whole grains
85g/day
| 50%
121
Whole grain
intact, ground, or cracked or flaked seed whose primary components are the samerelative proportion as they exist in an intact seed
122
multigrian
multiple types of grain in it, NOT WHOLE GRAIN
123
Glycemic response
effect tht food or meal has on blood sugarlevels after consumption
124
glycemic index
digestable carbs per serving
125
Glycemic load
glycemic index//100
126
Glucagon
increases blood glucose levels
| increases gluconeogenesis and FA oxidation
127
Insulin
Decreases blood glucose levels, increases glycolysis, fatty acid synthesis, glycogen synthesis
128
Insulin and Glut-4
move sugar out of blood into storage cells
129
High Km
lower affinity for glucose
130
Brain Km
low: great affinity for glucose
131
glycogen
storage polysachharide of glucose
| in the liver
132
pentose phosphate pathway oxidative part
inputs NAD+
| outputs: NADH and CO2
133
pentose phosphate pathway non-oxidative
inputs: Ribulose 5 phosphate
outputs: G3P F6P
134
gluconeogenis
glycolysis in reverse- pyruvate to glucose
135
irreversible step in glycolysis
phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate
136
Stress Hormones
Cortisol-antagonizes insulin, increases gluconeogenesis
| Epinepherine-turns on sympathetic nervous system
137
Carb intake change from 1900
same amount of carb intake, but fiber is wayyy less
138
fructose BAD
does not stimulate an insulin response when transported
139
Major source of Fructose in US
Sweetened beverages
140
Fatty liver
when no fat is present, liver tries to make all of the lipids it needs
141
Major classes of lipids
Steroids, phospholipids, triglycerides, waxes
142
Fatty acid synthesis
inputs: Acetyl CoA and Malonyl CoA
Outputs: Palmitic CoA
143
How double bonds are introduced to fatty acids
get rid of hydroxyl group and dehydrate
144
Essential Fatty Acids
Linoleic and Linolenic acids- body cant make these.
| Used to make other FA's
145
Omega naming
from back to carboxyl group
146
Delta naming
From carboxyl group to backl
147
Prostaglandins
causes fevers, vasodilation and hyperalgesia
148
leukotrienes
cause airways to close by inflammation
149
Thromboxanes and Prostacyclin
T-increases clotting
| P-decreases clotting
150
Omega 3 fatty acids
make PGE2- fevers, vasodilation and pain increaser
151
Omega 6 fatty acids
decreases inflammation
152
Cholesterol Synthesis
Mevelonic acid is used to make larger terpenes. Eventually you get squaline which constricts the double bonds and you get cholesterol
153
Functions of Cholesterol
maintains membrane fluidity
154
Lipitor
inhibits HMG-CoA so cholesterol cannot be made
155
lipoproteins
PROTEINS AND PHOSPHO LIPIDS AND TGS AND CHOLESTEROL
156
HDL
high density lipoprotein (GOOD) (EMPTY)
157
LDL
low density lipoprotein (delivers cholesterol to body)
158
VLDL
contains some TGs and cholesterol
159
chylomicrons
contains TG's and Cholesterol
160
Atherosclerosis
buildup of cholesterol rich lesion with blood vescle leads to atheroma, causes turbulence when puncturesd
161
beta oxidation
use of fat as energy. Binding of Acyl CoA to Canitine to form acyl carnite.
each cycle produces 14 ATP
162
Ketone Bodies
act as transport mechanism for Acetyl CoA
| Produced in liver
163
Ketoacidosis
Fatty liver disease casued by the use of fat as energy so no insulin response is triggered
164
negative effects of trans fats
increase in cholesterol levels
| lower HDL and Higher LDL
165
Sat Fat neg effects
higher LDL
166
Omega 3's
we need more fish in our diets
167
complex carbs
replace trans fats
168
omega 3 benefits
Decreased BP
Decreases TG concentrations
Decreased CV disease
169
lard, coconut, palm
fatty acid composition
170
Trans fat food functions
better shelf life
Stability
Higher MP
easier to spread
171
WHy not replace?
Cost
Development of new varieties
sENSORY
Food Packaging
172
Primary structure of protein
Chain of AA
173
Secondary Structure of proteins
sHEET or helical
174
Tertiary structure of
proteins fold other proteins
175
Quarternary structure of proteins
Subunits of larger structre
176
Essential amino acids
```
Phenolalinine
Valine
Tryptophan
Threonine
Isoleucine
Methionine
Histidine
Lysine
Leucine
```
177
Protein Synthesis
Translation of mRNA to protein
178
Protein Quality
Biological value-uses Net protein utilization- how much digestible protein is put into the diest an excreted.
Protein Efficiency ratio-mostfundamentally practical method of analyzing protein intake- weight gain due to protein intake
179
Limiting Amino Acid
Found in shortest supply from incomplete proteins TLM
| Lysine, threonine, methionine tryptophan
180
endopeptidases
within the ends of chains
181
exopeptidases`
without the ends of chains
182
major protein digestive enzymes
Pepsin, chymopepsin, trypsin (all are endopeptidases)
Carboxy peptidases
aminopeptidases
183
How are AA absorbed>
broken down to AA by endo and exopeptidases
184
Ketogenic amino acids
leucine, lysine isoleucine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine threonine
185
Protein Deanimation
energy production
186
Protein transamination
interconversion of AA's
187
Urea Cycle
Ammonia is converted to urea
188
how is protein lost from the body?
Urine and feces
189
Nitrogen balance method
UrinaryN+fecal N+skinN)*6.25`
190
WHO RECOMENDATIONS OF PROTEIN
Eggs and milk are most complete
191
Kwashiokor
severe protein and EAA deficiency- EDEa, fatty liver, ulcerative dermatitis
192
Marasmus
severe protein and energy deficiency
193
Excess protein intake?
Renal stress and AA competition
