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physiology of reproduction Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

what are leydig cells and where are they

A

clusters of cells between the seminiferous

tubules and source of testosterone

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2
Q

where are the source of hormones

A

interstitial cells such as leydig cells

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3
Q

how is the pendulous pouch seperated

A

median septum

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4
Q

where does meiosis occur in males

A

seminiferous tubules of males

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5
Q

what are the two types of cells daughter cells produced by spermatogenesis

A

Type a replenish the pool of spermatogonia

Type b - form mature sperm

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6
Q

how is the blood testis barrier formed

A

Formed by Sertoli cells and the tight junctions between them

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7
Q

what happens in the epididymis

A

site of sperm maturation

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8
Q

what is released for male ejaculation

A

60% seminal vesicle fluid, 30% prostatic & 10% sperm and

trace of bulbourethral fluid

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9
Q

other components of semen

A

fructose provide energy for sperm motility
– fibrinogen
– clotting enzymes convert fibrinogen to fibrin causing semen to
clot

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10
Q

where do germ cells originate from

A

yolk sac in the region of the hindgut

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11
Q

how to germ cells migrate

A

migrate to the genital ridge by amoeboid movement

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12
Q

why is phospholipase c zeta important

A

oocyte activation
activates egg to release ca
decondensed sperm nucleus into pronucleus

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13
Q

what happens in in vivo fertilisation

A

egg fertilised in fallopian tube

implantation in uterine cavity

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14
Q

energy for early preimplantation

A

atp turnover is low
atp/ adp ratio is high
glucose uptake and utilisation is low

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15
Q

role of hcg

A

essential for early ppregnancy
ensures corpus luteum makes progesterone
repels immune cells- and protects embryo

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16
Q

sex differentiation for men and women

A

Determined by the SRY GENE
male pathway will be induced if there is anti mullerian hormone and androgens ,
Leydig cells will secrete testosterone

Female pathway is induced to make ovaries etc in the abscence of androgens and amh

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17
Q

what is dihydrotestosterone used for

A

synthesis and action for development of external genitalia

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18
Q

what happens during infancy

A

rapid but rapid declerating growth in first 2-3 yrs

determined by nutrit

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19
Q

important determinants of growth

A

parental phenotypeand genotype
nutrition
Quality and duration of pregnancy

psycho social environment

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20
Q

what is chondrogenesis

A

growth

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21
Q

where is Human growth hormone produced

A

somatroph cells in the anterior pituitary gland

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22
Q

what important hormone does puberty require

23
Q

what percentage of girls go into early puberty

24
Q

what percentage of boys go into early puberty

25
symptoms of turner syndrome
short stature recurrent ear infections webbing of neck broad chest
26
Klinefelter syndrome
small testes reduced sexual hair tall stature osteoporosis
27
what is climacteric menopause
around the time of menopause and the year after
28
cause of menopause
depletion of primordial follicles
29
mechanism of menopause
ovaries depleted of follicles decline of oestrogen production gradual decline w age gradual rise of FSH AND LH - lack of negative feedback mechanism
30
risks of premature menopause
``` risk of mortality heart disease mood and sexual disorders bone mineral density risk of cognitive dysfunction ```
31
symptoms of menopaise
hot flushes mood swings irregular cycles osteoporosis
32
urogenital signs of menopause
vaginal dryness painful sex urethral syndrome
33
treatments for menopause
HRT- hormone replacement therapy sedatives beta blockers calcium, vit d and calcitonin
34
what hormone is replaced in HRT
oestrogen or progesterone if the uterus is intact
35
how is the uterus supported by the pelvic cavity
broad ligaments round ligaments cardinal ligaments
36
what are the fallopian tubes
pathway by which the ovum travels from the ovary to the uterus
37
function of cervix
connects the uterus with the vagina
38
basics of ultrasound scans
sound wave that goes in then bounces back
39
why is ultrasound the preferred imaging method in the UK
CHEAP AND SAFE
40
What is a transvaginal US used for
to see the endometrium or lining of uterus | And if you’re fat
41
In what specific cell in the testis do sperm cells mature
sertoli
42
what is the site of spermatogenesis
Walls of seminiferous tubules
43
what is the process of ooogenesis
differentiation of an ovum into a cell that can be fertilised
44
3 steps in oogenesis
Multiplication phase - in utero Growth phase - primary oocyte to primary follicle Maturation phase - two cells are formed a cytoplasm cell and polar cell body which is discarded
45
what is spermatogenesis
cell differentiation process that ensures the production of fertilizing sperm
46
purpose of blood testes barrier and where it’s formed
Formed between Sertoli cells of thr seminiferous tubules and as such isolate the further developed stages of germ cells from the blood
47
what is spermiogenesis
remodelling and differentiation into mature spermatozoa
48
main changes for girls during puberty
breast formation pubic hair growth 1st period
49
main changes for boys at puberty
increase in testicle size due to increase in fsh pubic hair growth deeper voice
50
importance of SRY GENE men
men xy- SRY present, SRY protein formed which allows development of the gonads , leydig cells to testes thus wolfian duct development
51
importance of SRY gene WOMEN
not present in women as no Y chromosome so no SRY protein bipotential gonads to become ovaries no wolfian duct
52
stages in sperm production
spermatogenesis | spermiogenesis
53
what happens in spermatogenesis
Step 1 - primordial germ cells undergo mitosis to form type a and B cells Step 2- type B cells will replicate by mitosis to form diploid cells linked by cytoplasm bridges known as primary spermatophores Step 3- meiosis 1 will produce secondary spermatocytes Step 4 will produce four haploid cells known as spermatids
54
Process of spermiogenesis
Golgi body enzymes form the acrosome Acrosome condenses around the nucleus centriole elongates to form the tail Loss of excess cytoplasm

Reproduction (5 decks)

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