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9/4/23 > Physiology, Pharmacology Core Questions > Flashcards

Physiology, Pharmacology Core Questions Flashcards

(48 cards)

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1
Q

Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs

A

Pulmonary artery

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2
Q

Asthma medication with tremor side effect - which medication is it ?

A

Beta-2 agonist e.g. salbutamol
(SABA and LABA)

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3
Q

Cephalic phase of gastric secretion =

A

Thought, sight, smell of food

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4
Q

Gastric phase of gastric secretion =

A

Stomach distension + raised pH of stomach contents = release of HCl by parietal cells

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5
Q

Intestinal phase of gastric secretion =

A

Chyme enters from the stomach
causing stretching of the duodenum

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6
Q

3 phases of gastric secretion

A
  1. Cephalic phase
  2. Gastric phase
  3. Intestinal phase
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7
Q

Which ions are responsible for increasing the contractile force of cardiomyocytes ?

A

Calcium

(calcium binds to troponin which decreases the length of the cardiomyocytes’ sarcomeres)

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8
Q

Osteocytes are derived from … ?

A

Osteoclasts

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9
Q

Osteoclasts are responsible for ?

A

Bone resorption

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10
Q

Order of waves on an ECG ?

A

P wave - atrial depolarisation
QRS complex - ventricular depolarisation
T wave - ventricular repolarisation

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11
Q

Most important determinant of membrane solubility ?

A

Lipid solubility

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12
Q

What receptors does adrenaline act on to increase heart rate ?

A

Beta-1 adrenoceptors

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13
Q

Haemoglobin - what are the constituent subunits ?

A

2 alpha subunits
2 beta subunits

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14
Q

Normal female chromosomal arrangement

A

46 chromosomes
22 autosomes + XX sex chromosomes

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15
Q

How does insulin work to reduce blood glucose ?

A

Increases glycogen synthesis

  • activates hexokinase which phosphorylates glucose
  • inhibits the conversion of glycogen to glucose
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16
Q

MOA of Bendrofluomethiazide

A

Blocks Na/Cl transport channels in the distal convoluted tubule to prevent sodium reabsorption
More sodium leaves blood therefore reduces blood pressure

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17
Q

Drug class and MOA of paracetamol ?

A

Non-selective COX-2 inhibitor
Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis

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18
Q

ACE inhibitors electrolyte abnormality

A

Hyperkalaemia

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19
Q

Na/K+ pump - source of energy

A

Hydrolysis of ATP (ACTIVE TRANSPORT)

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20
Q

NSAIDs MOA

Study These Flashcards
A

Inhibit cyclooxygenase
which decreases prostaglandin production

21
Q

Diabetic drug causing pitting oedema

22
Q

Amiodarone causes which thyroid abnormality ?

Study These Flashcards
A

Hypothyroidism

+ less commonly, hyperthyroidism

23
Q

Hyperaldosteronism clinical features

Study These Flashcards
A

Polyuria, polydipsia, lethargy and headaches

24
Q

Which diabetic drug can cause lactic acidosis ?

25
Gliclazide side effects
Hypoglycaemia (Gliclazide = SULFONYLUREA)
26
Which zone of adrenal glands are mineralocorticoids produced ?
Zona glomerulosa - aldosterone
27
How do sulphonylureas increase the release of insulin ?
Inhibit potassium channels causing repolarisation thereby facilitating action potentials which release insulin
28
Anti-TPO antibodies
Hashimoto's
29
Initial screening test for acromegaly ?
Serum IgF-1 (to confirm diagnosis, do an oral glucose tolerance test)
30
What is a pituitary apoplexy ?
Rare emergency - bleeding into the pituitary gland - occurs in patients who have pituitary tumours
31
How does a pituitary tumour cause ocular problems ?
Compresses the contents of the cavernous sinus
32
Treatment for pituitary apoplexy
Immediate hydrocortisone injection
33
Diagnostic glucose level for Type 2 diabetes
>7mmol/L 6.1-6.7 = Pre-diabetes
34
Sudden back pain following heavy lifting Straight leg raise is painful.
Lumbar disc herniation
35
Difference between diffuse and limited systemic sclerosis
Diffuse = skin problems go up past elbows
36
Antibody for limited systemic sclerosis ?
Anti-centromere
37
Antibody for diffuse systemic sclerosis ?
Anti-Scl70
38
Anti-Ro and Anti-La
Sjogren's
39
Polymyositis vs Polymyalgia rheumatica
Polymyositis = weakness Polymyalgia = pain
40
First line medication for glaucoma =
Latanoprost (a prostaglandin analogue)
41
Side effects of latanoprost ?
- excessive eyelash growth - brown pigmentation of the iris
42
MOA of latanoprost ?
Increases uveoscleral outflow
43
Foot eversion weak and ankle jerk is affected What nerve root is affected ?
S1
44
Severe pain and blurring of vision following ocular trauma
Retrobulbar haemorrhage causing orbital compartment syndrome
45
Treatment for orbital compartment syndrome ?
Urgent lateral canthatomy
46
Felty's syndrome triad
Rheumatoid Arthritis, neutropenia and splenomegaly
47
Mild SLE treatment
Hydroxychloroquine + NSAIDs Corticosteroids for flares
48
Right esotropia (inward squint) What happens when left eye is covered ?
Right eye moves outwards to take up fixation

9/4/23 (4 decks)

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