Physiology & Psychopharm Flashcards
(247 cards)
1
Q
Acetylcholine
A
involved in muscle contraction
REM sleep
Memory
Ass. with Myasthenia gravis, Alzheimer
2
Q
Dopamine
A
regulation of voluntary movement
reinforcement of stimulants
mood
ass. with Schizophrenia, Parkinson, Tourette’s, Huntington’s
3
Q
Norepinephrine
A
mood, attention, dreaming, learning, fight or flight
4
Q
Serotonin
A
involved in body temperature, hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, aggression, mood, sleep, arousal
high levels: Schizophrenia, ASD, Anorexia
low levels: aggression, depression, suicide, bulimia, OCD, PTSD, mania
5
Q
GABA
A
(inhibitory neuro.)
motor control, vision, anxiety, sleep, eating, seizures
ass. with Huntingtons Disease (Basal Ganglia), epilepsy
6
Q
Glutamate
A
(excitatory neurotransmitter.)
learning and memory (hippocampus), forming long-term memories
excitotoxicity –> seizures, Huntington’s, Alzheimer’s
7
Q
Endorphins
A
inhibitory neuromodulators decrease sensitivity of post-synaptic neurons to neurotransmitters;
runner’s high;
control of emotions, memory, learning, & sexual behaviors
8
Q
Myasthenia Gravis
A
autoimmune disorder that attacks Acetylcholine —> weak skeletal muscles
9
Q
Divisons of Nervous System
A
Central and Peripheral
10
Q
Central Nervous System
A
Brain and Spinal Cord
11
Q
Spinal Cord
A
carries info from brain to peripheral
12
Q
Parts of the Spinal Cord
A
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygeal
13
Q
Quadriplegia
A
damage to spinal cord in cervical area
14
Q
Paraplegia
A
damage to spinal cord in thoracic area
15
Q
Peripheral
A
Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System
16
Q
Somatic Nervous System
A
sensory nerves carry info from sensory receptors to CNS
motor neurons that carry info from CNS to skeletal muscles
voluntary movement
17
Q
Autonomic Nervous System
A
involuntary!
sympathetic & parasympathetic system
18
Q
Sympathetic
A
arousal & expenditure of energy, fight or flight
19
Q
Parasympathetic
A
conservation of energy, bringing person down
20
Q
Development of CNS
A
- Proliferation
- Migration
- Differentiation
- Myelination
- Synaptogenesis
21
Q
Neuroimaging Techniques
A
provide info on structure & function of the brain
structural or functional
22
Q
Structural Neuroimaging Techniques
A
provide Information about the physical structure
Ex. CT, MRI, CAT
23
Q
CT
A
uses x-rays to capture images of horizontal slices of the brain
24
Q
MRI
A
has better resolution, produce cross-sectional images, using magnetic & radio waves
25
CAT
horizontal skies of brain
26
Functional Imaging
provides Information about brain activity
| Ex. PET, fMRI, SPECT
27
PET
provides info about blood flow, glucose metabolism, oxygen consumption
28
fMRI
provides info about brain activity
29
EGG
provides info about electrical activity
30
Brain Anatomy
Hindbrain, Midbrain, and Forebrain
31
Hindbrain
Medulla, Pons, Cerebellum
32
Medulla
involved in swallowing, coughing, sneezing, breathing, heartbeat, blood pressure
controls flow of info from spinal cord to and from the brain
Damage= fatal
33
Pons
integrate movement in R/L side
34
Cerebellum
involved in balance, learning procedural movement, refine movements, timing coordinated movements, procedural MEMORY
damage --> ataxia
35
ataxia
slurred speech, loss of balance
36
Midbrain
Superior/ Inferior colliculi, substantia nigra, reticular formation, reticular activating system
37
superior/inferior colliculi
routes for visual/auditory info
38
substantia nigra
brain rewards system; production of dopamine; movement
39
reticular activating system
involved in consciousness, arousal, wakefulness, reflexive reactions, cardiovascular activity
plays a role in ADHD & Schizophrenia
40
Forebrain
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Basal Ganglia, Limbic System, Cerebral Cortex
41
Thalamus
motor, language, memory (declarative memory), transmitting sensory information (except olfaction) to cortex
ass. with Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
42
Wernicke Korsakoff Syndrome
due to chronic alcoholism
involves thiamine deficiency & atrophy of neurons
associated with the thalamus
43
Hypothalamus
hunger, thirst, sex, sleep, temperature, emotional reactions, hormones, HOMEOSTASIS
includes suprachiasmatic nucleus & maxillary bodies
44
suprachiasmatic nucleus
part of the hypothalamus;
| meditates sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythms)
45
mammillary bodies
part of hypothalamus;
involved in learning & memory;
damage --> anterograde amnesia
46
Basal Ganglia
involved in planning & organizing voluntary movements (works alongside cerebellum)
includes: caudate nucelus, putamen, globus pallidus in forebrain, and substantia nigra in midbrain (Can Nancy Play Golf Please)
47
Disorders associated with Basal Ganglia
Parkinsons, Huntingtons, Tourette's, OCD, ADHD, Schizophrenia, Akinesia, Hyperkinesia
48
Limbic System
memory & emotions; motivation;
| includes: amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate cortex
49
Amgydala
emotional activities, attaching emotion to memories; processes odors
Kluver-Bucky Syndrome, GAD, Panic Disorder, PTSD, Depression
50
Kluver-Bucky Syndrome
involves decreased fear and aggression, increased compulsive behaviors, hyper sexuality, psychic blindness
due to bilateral lesions
51
Hippocampus
learning & memories, spatial, visual, & verbal info, consolidating of declarative memories, explicit memories
52
Cingulate Cortex
attention, emotion, experience of pain
53
Cerebral Cortex
divided in to left & right hemispheres connected by corpus callosum
contralateral representation!
54
Contralateral Representation
brain processes Information on the opposite side except for olfaction & visual (stimuli goes to opposite side of each eye)
55
Left (Dominant) Hemisphere
written, spoken language; logical thinking, rational thought, positive emotions
56
Right (non-dominant) Hemisphere
facial recognition; creativity, nonverbal memory, negative emotions
57
Lobes of cerebral cortex
frontal, parietal, occipital, & temporal
58
Frontal Lobe
composed of primary motor cortex, supplementary motor area, premotor cortex, Broca's area, prefrontal cortex
59
Broca's Area
responsible for production of speech
60
Broca's Aphasia
expressive aphasia; non-fluent
difficulties in production of spoken and written language; poor articulation, stress conjunctions;
anomia
61
prefrontal cortex
involved in emotions, memory, attention, executive functions
dorsolateral area (working memory), orbitofrontal area, and mediofrontal area
62
Parietal Lobe
somatosensory cortex
63
Apraxia
results from damage to parietal lobe
inability to perform skilled motor movements
64
tactile agnosia
inability to recognize items by touching them
65
asomatognosia
inability to recognize own body parts
66
anosognosia
unable to recognize own disorder
67
Grestmann's Syndrome
finger agnosia, agraphia, acalculia; right-left confusion
| lesions in dominant parietal lobe hemisphere
68
Temporal Lobe
auditory cortex & Wernicke's area
involved in long-term declarative memories; codes, stores, & retrieves memories; language; auditory processing
69
Wernicke's Aphasia
Receptive Aphasia;
| deficits in language comprehension, impaired reproduction but fluent output
70
Occipital Lobe
includes visual cortex: visual perception & memory
71
prosopagnosia
inability to recognize familiar faces;
| due to lesions at junction of fusiform gyrus of occipital lobe
72
Trichromatic Theory
(Young-Helmholtz)
| there's three cones: red, blue, green
73
Opponent-Process Theory
(Hering)
bipolar receptors: red-green, yellow-blue, white-black
-thalamus (transmits sensory input)
-negative afterimages
74
Color Blindness
carried in X chromosome, higher in men> women
75
color constancy
ability to recognize color of an object despite changes in lighting
76
Gate-Control Theory
when too much info is received, cells in spinal cord block some pain signals
77
Synethesia
stimulation of one sensory area triggers another one
78
Psychophysics
study of relationship b/w physical stimuli magnitudes & psychological sensations
79
Absolute Threshold
minimum stimulus that leads to a sensation
80
Difference Threshold
minimum stimuli increment needed to recognize discrepancy in two stimuli
AKA: just noticeable difference
81
Weber's Law
the higher the intensity of stimulus, the higher the increase in stimuli required for JND
82
Fetcher's Law
physical stimulus changes= log function related to psychological sensations
83
Steven's Power Law
exponential function of stimuli intensity
84
Hippocampus is Associated with what disorder?
Alzheimers
85
Damage to Thalamus
leads to retrograde & anterograde amnesia
86
Retrograde Amnesia
inability to recall previously learned information
87
Anterograde Amnesia
inability to recall new information
88
Long-Term Potentiation
Occurs in hippocampus;
greater responsively of postsynaptic neuron to low intensity stimulation by pre-synaptic neuron after presynaptic neuron has had high frequency stimulation
89
Anomia
inability to name common objects
90
Conduction Aphasia
associative aphasia;
damage to arcuate fasciculus;
results in anomia, paraphasia, and inability to repeat simple words or phrases;
does not affect language comprehension
91
Transcortical Aphasia
results from lesions outside Broca/ Wernicke's area
92
James-Lounge Theory of Emotion
physical reactions to stimuli --> emotion
93
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
emotional & bodily reactions occur at the same time as a result of thalamic stimulation;
bodily reactions are similar for many emotions
94
Achromatopsia
condition where person is without color vision
| due to damage to occipitotemporal area or dysfunction of cone cells
95
Agnosia
inability to recognize familiar objects or sounds
96
Akathisia
inability to sit or stand still; uncomfortable sense of restlessness
97
Akinesia
complete or almost complete loss of movement
98
Anosognosia
failure to recognize one’s own neurological symptoms
99
Aphasia
disturbance in previously acquired language skills
100
Apraxia
inability to carry out purposeful movements despite normal muscle power and control
101
Asomatognosia
inability to recognize parts of one’s own body
102
Ataxia
incoordination, clumsiness, lack of balance
103
Athetosis
slow writhing involuntary movements
| associated with Huntington's
104
Bradykinesia
slowness of movement
105
Chorea
irregular, involuntary, rapid jerky movements that usually occur in the face, mouth, limbs, and trunk
106
Dyskinesia
abnormal muscle movement including twitchy, jerky, and writhing movements (types of dyskinesia include chorea, tics, tremors)
107
Dysprosody
disturbance in the stress, pitch, and rhythm of speech
108
Parkinsonism
mask- like face, hand tremor, increasing rigidity, slowed voluntary movement
109
Paresthesia
altered sensation in the skin that causes numbness or tingling
(pins and needles sensation)
110
Prosopagnosia
inability to recognize familiar faces
111
Synesthesia
condition where one modality triggers a sensation in another sensory modality
112
Tardive Dyskinesia
repetitive oral and facial grimaces, tongue movements, spasms of the neck and head, jerky movements of the limbs and trunk
113
Hemiplegia
paralysis that affects one side of the body due to incomplete spinal cord injury
114
ascending reticular activating system
found in the reticular formation
| responsible for: Awareness, Arousal, & Attention
115
Contralateral Neglect
denial of opposite side of body & environment of the side of parietal lobe that is damaged;
most often it's damage to right lobe
116
color anomia
inability to name colors
117
color agnosia
inability to pair particular colors with specific object
118
olfaction
ipsilatera;
| goes straight to amygdala
119
corpus callosum
bundle of nerve fibers that connect hemispheres & allow them to pass information
120
Protein Synthesis
long-term memory depends on protein synthesis during period following learning; requires pretense of RNA
121
Global Aphasia
non-fluent aphasia;
widespread injury in Broca, Wernicke & other areas;
decreased ability to produce & comprehend language, deficits in expressive & receptive language
122
General Adaptation Syndrome
mediated by adrenal & pituitary gland; way of responding to stress
3 stages: Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion
123
Alarm Reaction
hypothalamus activates the adrenal medulla to increase its release of
epinephrine (adrenaline) --> increase body’s glucose level and heart and respiration
rates --> increasing the body’s energy level
124
Resistance Stage
w/ continued stress, hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to release ACTH --> activates the adrenal cortex to release cortisol -->.maintains high blood glucose levels & increases metabolism of fats & proteins
125
Exhaustion
w/ prolonged stress;
Pituitary gland and adrenal cortex lose their ability to maintain elevated
hormone levels, and physiological processes begin to break down --> Fatigue, depression and illness
126
Excessive production of cortisol
surpasses the immune system
127
Stage 1 of Non-REM Sleep
state of relaxation & light sleep;
| alpha waves --> theta waves
128
Stage 2 Non-REM
deeper state of sleep;
| theta waves & periodically sleep spindles & K complexities
129
Stage 3 Non-REM sleep
theta --> delta waves (higher amplitude, lower frequency)
130
Stage 4 non-REM
deep sleep stage; Delta waves
| difficult to awaken a person
131
Stage 5
REM sleep; deep state of sleep; difficult to awaken
| vivid & elaborate dreams
132
Older Adults and Sleep
awaken more during the night;
spend more time in stage 1 & 2;
phase shift: go to sleep & wake up earlier
133
Infants and Sleep
spend about 50% of time sleeping in REM sleep during infancy
30% of time in REM by 6 months
134
Traumatic Brain Injury
injury to the brain that is caused by external force & involves impairments in cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and/or physical functioning
135
Good indicator of TBI recovery
duration of post-traumatic amnesia;
| shorter the duration, the better the chances of recovering
136
Side Effects of TBI
anterograde amnesia;
retrograde amnesia (recent more affected > remote)
amnesia involving verbal & explicit memories
137
Post-concussional Disorder
involves LOC, amnesia, seizures following head trauma; persisting deficits in attention or memory; & 3+ symptoms (irritability, fatigue, headaches, dizziness, depression, anxiety)
now diagnosed as Major/Mild Neurocognitive Disorder due to TBI
138
Cerebrovascular Accident
Stroke;
| Brian damage caused by an interruption of blood flow to the brain
139
Symptoms of Stroke
BE FAST
| Balance, sudden loss of vision in Eye, Facial drooping, Arm weakness, Speech difficulties, Time to call 911
140
Parkinson's Disease
progressive degenerative disorder of dopamine in substantia nigra);
Tremors & muscle Rigidity, Akinesia, Posture (TRAP);
Akathesia, Bradykinesia
may involve depression (could lead to misdiagnosis)
141
L-dopa
dopamine agonist;
| helps alleviate symptoms of Parkinson's in its early stages by increasing levels of dopamine
142
Huntington's Disease
inherited degenerative disease; due to autosomal dominant gene;
affective, cognitive, motor symptoms; disordered movement, thinking, and cognition;
uncontrollable jerking movements, writhing movements, & dementia
143
HD linked to abnormalities
GABA, Dopamine, and Glutamate in Basal Ganglia;
| loss of GABA-secreting neurons & glutamate excitotoxicity
144
Seizure Disorder
caused by abnormal discharge of electrical energy by nerve cells in brain that cause aura, LOC, abnormal movement
145
Generalized Seizures
no focal onset;
affect both hemispheres;
tonic-clonic seizures & absence seizures
146
Tonic-Clonic Seizure
grand-mal seizure;
LOC :
-muscles contract & body stiffens (tonic)
-rhythmic shaking (clonic)
person may experience post depression, sleep, confusion, amnesia
147
Absence Seizures
```
petit mal seizure
LOC without prominent motor symptoms;
brief duration;
begin & end abruptly;
blank stare with frequent blinking
```
148
Partial Seizures
begin on one side of brain;
| affect one side of body initially
149
Simple Partial Seizures
no LOC;
| remain localized
150
Complex Partial Seizures
some alteration in consciousness;
most often temporal lobe epilepsy (involves: automatisms, hallucinations, alteration in emotion, deja vu, changes in personality, alteration in sexual behavior, pupillary dilation, flushed face)
151
Dopamine Hypothesis
schizophrenia is due to elevated levels of Dopamine or oversensitivity to dopamine
152
Catecholamine Hypothesis
Little norepinephrine--> Depression
| Too much norepinephrine --> Mania
153
Agonists
produce a response similar to the effects of the neurotransmitter
direct & indirect
154
Direct Agonists
exert their effects by mimicking the effect of neurotransmitters at the receptor site
155
Indirect Agonists
attach to a binding site on a receptor cell & facilitate the action of the neurotransmitter
156
Partial Agonists
produce a response that's similar to but less than the neurotransmitter
157
Inverse Agonists
produce a response that's the opposite the response produced by a neurotransmitter or an agonist
158
Antagonists
produce no activity on their own, but reduce or block the effects of a neurotransmitter (prevent something from happening);
receptor blocker
Direct or indirect
159
Direct Antagonist
exert their effects by attaching to the receptor site
160
Indirect Antagonist
exert effects by attaching to site other than the one used by neurotransmitter
161
Curare
muscle relaxant used in anesthesia;
| causes paralysis & exerts effects by acting as a direct antagonist at ACh receptor sites
162
Older Adults & Drugs
start slow & go slow
163
Minorities & Drugs
for African Americans and Asians, begin with a low dose & move up until desired effects are reached
164
Antipsychotic Drugs
Traditional & Atypical
165
Traditional Antipsychotic
black dopamine receptors;
more effective for positive symptoms;
SE: anticholinergic symptoms, extrapyramidal effects, neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Ex. chlorpromazine, Thioridazine, haloperidol
166
Chlorpromazine
Traditional Antipsychotic
167
Haloperidol
Traditional Antipsychotic;
| exerts the most severe extrapyramidal effects
168
Anticholinergic symptoms
dry mouth, blurry vision, rapid heart beat, constipation, urinary retention
169
Extrapyramidal Side Effects
Parkinsonism;
akathisia;
acute dystonia;
tardive dyskinesia
170
Tardive Dyskinesia
serious extrapyramidal side effect that involves uncontrollable movements of lip, mouth, tongue, torso, limbs;
can be alleviated by slowing withdrawing drug or with GABA agonist
171
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS)
rare but fatal (STOP amd. drug)
| involves muscle rigidity, tachycardia, fever, alter state of consciousness
172
Atypical Antipsychotics
affect Dopamine, Serotonin, Glutamate, Norepinephrine;
alleviate + and - symptoms;
less likely to produce tardive dyskinesia & extrapyramidal side effects; slower onset
SE: anticholinergic effects, lowered seizure threshold, sedation, akathisia, agranulocytosis, NMS
Ex: risperidone
173
Risperidone
atypical antipsychotic;
| may produce tar dive dyskinesia but not agranulocytosis
174
Agranulocytosis
sudden decrease in white blood cell and other blood dycrasias
175
clozapine
atypical antipsychotic
176
thioridazine
traditional antipsychotic;
| causes TD
177
Antidepressants
SSRI, MAOIs, TCAs
178
SSRI
block reuptake of serotonin;
SE: Insomnia, anorexia, headaches, sexual dysfunction, Gastrointestinal disturbances;
EX: Fluoxetine, Sertraline
179
fluoxetine
(Prozac); SSRI
180
Sertraline
Zoloft; SSRI
181
Advantages of SSRI > TCA
less cardio toxic;
less likely to produce cognitive symptoms & anticholinergic effects;
more rapid onset (2-4wks)
182
TCA
useful for typical depression (loss of interest & vegetative symptoms);
block reuptake of NE, S, D, Histamine receptors (drowsiness)
SE: anticholinergic effects, gastrointestinal, tremor, confusion, memory problems, impaired sexual functioning, cardio toxic
EX: Doxepin, Clomipramine, Imipramine
183
Doxepin
TCA; sinequan
184
imipramine
Tofranil; TCA
185
Clomipramine
Anafranil; TCA
186
MAOIs
clock monoamine oxidase action which increases amount of NE & S at the synapse
effective for atypical depressions (phobic features, increased appetite, hypersomnia)
SE: anticholinergic, insomnia, headaches confusion, sexual dysfunction, tremor, hypertensive crisis
187
Hypertensive Crisis
symptoms: occipital headaches, stiff neck, nausea, sweating, high blood pressure & chest pain;
occurs when taking MAOI alongside drugs (amphetamine or antihistamine) or with food containing TYRAMINE;
seek immediate medical attention
188
Mood Stabilizers
Lithium & Anticonvulsant Drugs
189
Lithium
reduces manic symptoms & levels out mood swings
| SE: nausea, excessive thirst & urination, confusion, disorientation, fine hand tremor, lithium toxicity
190
Lithium Toxicity
symptoms: vomiting, confusion, slurred speech, sedation;
| lithium & sodium levels must be monitored
191
Anticonvulsant Drugs
carbamazepine & valproic acid
192
Carbamazepine
anticonvulsant drug used to treat atypical bipolar;
| SE: lethargy, tremor, ataxia, visual disturbances
193
Benzodiazepines
anxiolytic tranquilizers used for anxiety, insomnia, seizures;
increase GABA levels
SE: drowsiness & sedation, lethargy, confusion, ataxia, addictive, super additive effect
Ex: Alprazolam, chlordiazepoxide, Diazepam
194
Abrupt cessation of Benzos
seizures, depersonalization, panic, stroke
195
Beta-Blockers
block receptors that respond to E & NE;
used for hypertension, migraine, glaucoma, high blood pressure, physical symptoms of anxiety;
SE: bradycardia, hypotension, sexual dysfunction, memory impairment, depression
*should not be discontinued abruptly
EX: propranolol
196
Psychostimulants
mimic/ increase activity of NE or D
Used: ADHD
EX: methylphenidate (Ritalin) , adderall
197
propranolol
beta-blocker
198
methylphenidate
Psychostimulant; Ritalin
SE: dysphoria, insomnia, decreased apetite, tics (be wary of family history of tics), OCD symptoms, growth suppression (alleviated through drug holidays)
*paradoxical effects in people that don't have the disorder but taking the drug makes it appear that they do
199
Ritalin
ADHD psychostimulant;
| blocks reuptake of Dopamine
200
Melatonin produced
by the pineal gland
201
Precentral gyrus
somatomotor cortex
202
Somatomotor cortex
involved in control of fine movements (ex. moving one finger at a time)
203
receptor blocker
antagonist
204
Papez's Circuit
mediates experience & expression of emotion;
hippocampus, mammillary bodies, anterior nuclei of thalamus, & cingulate gyrus
205
Afferent Axons
carry sensory information towards central nervous system
206
Efferent Axons
carry motor commands to the muscles and glans
207
prevalence of hypertension
related to age (older), race (black), & gender (men)
208
conduction
process where messages within a neuron are transmitted from a neuron's dendrites to the end of its axon
209
Benzo's examples
Valium (diazepam)
Ativan (lorazepam)
alprazolam (Xanax)
210
therapeutic drug monitoring
practice of optimizing medication regimens by measuring specific drugs at designated intervals
211
Migraine Headache Precipitants
menstruation, stress, relaxation after stress, changes in barometric pressure, alcohol, decongestant overuse, certain foods
212
Migraine headache
recurrent one-sided headache involving nausea, committing, sensitivity
213
classic migrane
starts with aura
214
common migraine
no aura
215
cluster headache
pain in clusters, usually behind on eye/temple, & occurs one or more per day over 2-3 month period
216
tension headache
non-throbbing pain on both sides
217
sinus headache
fullness, tension, aches over eyes
218
hypertension
silent killer;
| if left untreated --> heart failure, kidney failure, & stroke
219
cytogenetic testing
examines chromosomes & abnormalities
220
biochemical testing
examines proteins instead of the gene
221
molecular testing
examines DNA mutations
222
Opioid Side Effects
sweating, nausea, & constipation
223
alpha waves
sleep pattern: "awake, rested, & relaxed"
224
theta waves
deep relaxation & light sleep
225
delta waves
deep sleep
226
beta waves
alert & fully awake
227
Glasgow Coma Scale
used to assess the level of consciousness in individuals with a TBI
3 categories: eye opening, verbal utterances, & motor responses
228
Multiple Sclerosis
degeneration of myelin in brain & spinal cord
two types:
- relapsing-remitting (80-85%)
- secondary progressive
229
androgen
effective in restoring sexual arousal for women following removal of sex organs/ menopause
230
molecular genetic method
used to classify certain genes that influence various behavioral traits
231
quantitative genetic methods
used to determine the effect of genetic & environmental factors on individual differences of many traits
232
sexual dimorphism
sex-related differences in the brain
233
red-green colorblindness
affects 8-10% of male population
234
Pineal gland
produces melatonin
235
Pituitary Gland
secretes antidiuretic hormone (ADH) & somatropin (growth) hormone
236
pancreas
releases insulin
237
thyroid gland
regulate general metabolism by secreting thyroxine
238
meninges
membranes that surround the brain & spinal cord
239
mixed transcortical aphasia
ability to talk but have nothing to say, inability to understand written & spoken language, & inability to produce automatic responses
240
transcortical motor aphasia
(damage to broca's area);
| non-fluent, effortful speech, & anomia
241
transcortical sensory aphasia
(lesions in wernicke's area);
| deficits in comprehension, anomia, & fluent but meaningless speech with unimpaired repetition
242
medial preoptic area
located in the hypothalamus;
| plays a role in male sexual behavior & maternal behavior
243
Gabapentin
used to treat chronic pain states, bipolar disorders, dementia, and treating alcohol withdrawal & relapse prevention
244
Efficacy
maximum effect obtainable with additional doses producing no additional response
245
physical dependence
look to avoid withdrawal symptoms;
| drug taken over time & unpleasant physical symptoms occur when drug is suddenly stopped
246
Brian Stem
involved in behavioral alerting, attention, & arousal;
| depressed by barbiturates
247
Psychological Dependence
conditioned response that compels an individual to use a substance
