Physiology - Psychopharmacology

Question 1

LD50 (lethal dose 50) indicates the minimum drug dose that had a ___ in 50% of a test sample, while ED50 (effective dose 50) is a measure of the drug’s effectiveness and indicates the minimum drug dose that produced the _____ effect in 50% of a test sample.

Answer 1

lethal effect; therapeutic (desired)

Question 2

The therapeutic index (TI) is a quantitative measure of the relative safety of a drug. It is calculated by:

Answer 2

LD50/ ED50

Question 3

agranulocytosis, which is a ___ that involves a low level of ___

Answer 3

potentially fatal blood disorder ; white blood cells

Question 3

serotonin syndrome, which is potentially fatal and involves

Answer 3

restlessness and extreme agitation, confusion, autonomic instability, hyperthermia, tremor, seizures, and delirium.

Question 4

clozapine (a second-generation antipsychotic) and carbamazepine (an anticonvulsant drug used to treat bipolar disorder) are the most common causes of ____

Answer 4

agranulocytosis

Question 5

memantine exerts its effects by regulating the activity of __

Answer 5

glutamate.

Question 5

Donepezil, galantamine, and rivastigmine delay the breakdown of___

Answer 5

ACETYLCHOLINE

Question 6

Secondary and tertiary amines inhibit both norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake, but secondary amines have a greater impact on ___ reuptake while some tertiary amines have a greater impact on ___ reuptake.

Answer 6

norepinephrine; serotonin

Question 7

secondary amines have ____side effects than do tertiary amines (e.g., they’re ___ likely to cause sedation, orthostatic hypotension, and anticholinergic effects).

Answer 7

fewer; less

Question 8

what kind of med is phenelzine

Answer 8

MAOI

Question 9

___ is an extrapyramidal side effect of antipsychotic drugs and involves a feeling of inner restlessness with a compulsion to keep moving.

Answer 9

Akathisia

Question 10

symptom of dystonia

Answer 10

Involuntary muscle contractions

Question 11

Tremor, muscle rigidity, and slowed movements are symptoms of ___.

Answer 11

parkinsonism

Question 12

Benzodiazepines that have a ___ half-life are preferred for older adults

Answer 12

shorter

Question 13

Benzodiazepines have a __________ half-life for older adults than for younger adults and, therefore, are often prescribed for older adults at a __________ dose than they are for younger adults.

Answer 13

longer; lower

Question 14

studies have confirmed that MAOIs are ____than TCAs for treating atypical depression, they have provided ___ results for SSRIs

Answer 14

effective and more effective; mixed

Question 15

Galantamine (Razadyne), rivastigmine (Exelon), and donepezil (Aricept) slow down Alzheimers by increasing ___ activity (i.e., by preventing the breakdown of the neurotransmitter ____)

Answer 15

cholinergic; acetylcholine

Question 16

neuroleptic malignant syndrome

Answer 16

hyperthermia, severe muscle rigidity, difficulty swallowing, tachycardia, and altered consciousness.; can be fatal

Question 17

SSRIs are ___likely than the SNRIs and TCAs to cause antidepressant poop-out (tachyphylaxis)

Answer 17

more

Question 18

side effects of anticonvulsant drugs

Answer 18

lethargy, ataxia, tremor, visual disturbances, and impaired concentration

Question 18

side effects of benzodiazepines

Answer 18

weakness, unsteadiness, impaired memory, anticholinergic effects, and sexual dysfunction

Question 18

The most likely side effects of buspirone (BuSpar) include which of the following?

Answer 18

dizziness, drowsiness, headache, nausea, nervousness, blurred vision, and trouble sleeping

Question 19

THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) produces its reinforcing effects by increasing dopamine concentrations in the ____

Answer 19

nucleus accumbens, a component of the brain’s mesolimbic dopaminergic reward pathway.

Question 20

The risk for tardive dyskinesia increases with ____ age

Answer 20

increasing

Question 21

The secondary amines have a ___ effect on norepinephrine than serotonin, while the tertiary amines have a similar effect on both neurotransmitters or ___ effect on serotonin than norepinephrine.

Answer 21

greater; greater

Question 22

__ drugs are often prescribed for individuals with bipolar disorder who have not responded to lithium or cannot tolerate its side effects.

Answer 22

Anticonvulsant

Question 22

neutropenia's severe form is

Answer 22

agranulocytosis

Question 23

Compared to tertiary amines, secondary amines cause ____blockage of norepinephrine reuptake and have fewer side effects.

Answer 23

greater

Question 24

Compared to tertiary amines, secondary amines have ___ side effects.

Answer 24

fewer