Physiology References Flashcards
(24 cards)
- Give infection to leptin deficient mouse, they do worse in terms of reduction in food intake
- Can see that the obese animals die too when given LPS
Faggioni 1997, 1999
- Diet induced obese mouse given LPS
- More reduciton in food intake compared to controls
- Recovery is much slower
- Core body temp, feveral response, obese have a higher rise in body temp compared to normal, exaerbated and prolonged response
Pohl et al 2009
- Circulating leptin was inhibited in LPS normal mouse model using antiserum
- Reduction in body weight and food intake stops compared to when do not take the antiserum
- Significant rise in core body temp is reduced when antiserum
- Suggests that leptin mediates the effects of LPS in sickness behaviour
Sachot et al 2004
Impaired cytokine release in liver and spleen in diet induced ovese mice in response to infection
Lawrence et al 2012
Cytokines, both bad and good
Yang et al 2023
- Induce LTP using high frequency stimulation to increase the synaptic potentials in animals then measured IL-1
- 8 hours after LTP there is a large increase, also measured other cytokines. They all increased in the presence of LTP
- If block LTP in the presence of AP-5 then there are no cytokines
Schneider et al 1998 and Rey et al 2013
- LTP is induced and then treat with IL-1 antagonist
- Potentiation is abolsihed, it transiently comes back to normal
- The maintenance of LTP is gone, to keep LTP we need IL-1 in th e system
Schneider et al 1998 and Coogan et al 1999
- IL-1 antaognist administration and then stimulus to induce LTP
- higher dose of antagonist, do not get LTP at proper physiological temperatures
- IL-1 contriutes to the induction and maintenance of the process involved in learning and memory
Ross et al 2003
- When doing Morris Water maze, IL-1 antagonist treatment sloweed then down, therefore is necessary for learning
Yirmiya et al 2002
- KO the receptor for IL-1
- Record from the hippocampus, do not get LTP
- Also cannot learn the Morris water maze
Avital et al 2003
- Transgenic mice overexpressing the receptor antagonist cannot learn morris water maze and also freeze for less time in fear conditioning
Goshen et al 2007
- Transgenic mice overexpressing IL-1RA
- MRI of brain overtime during development
- Decreased whole brain volume (hippocampus and cerebral cortex)
- Enlarged ventricles
- Need IL-1 to form the memory structures properly in the brain
Spulber and Schultzberg 2010
- IL-1 exogenously applied onto slices inhibits LTP in the CA3 region of the hippocampus
Katsuki et al 1990
- Due to dose dependency, physiological levels of IL-1 are required for memory formmation but suboptimal and high levels impairs brain function
Goshen et al 2007 and Spulber et al 2009
Other cytokines also have benefits at optimal concentrations but detrimental effects at too high and low
Bourgognon and Cavanagh 2020
Immune system as the 7th sense
Kipnis 2017
- Morris water maze data for scid mice and nude mice, cannot learn it or an extension (hard version) even after 4 days and 4 trials a day
- But if replace the T cells in the nude mice they can then learn the task
Kipnis et al 2004
- IL-4 KO cannot learn a task
- If give bone marrow derived cells from IL-4 KO cannot learn even if only knocked out in T cells
- So T-cell derived IL-4 is important
Derecki et al 2010
- Mice missing IL-4 show less freezing
- SCID mice also freeze less
- SCID mice with IL-4 restores memory
- Specific KO of IL-4Ra on GABAergic neurons increases freezing time but cre addition decreases freezing
- Receptor for IL-4 removal in the hippocampus do not learn the task
Herz et al 2021
Meninges are packed with immune cells that can release cytokines into the brain
Norris and Kipnis 2019
- Y shaped maze
- IL-17 KO mice, STM is effected, also when lack T cells
- Gamma delta t cells resident in the meninges release IL-17 which is important for STM but not LTM impairment
Robeiro et al 2019
IFNgamma derived from T cells in the meninges, important for social interaction
- If KO there is not normal social bejaviour but if return, there is restoration
- DUe to it then not activating inhibitory neurons, so hyperexcitability of the pathway causes antisocial behaviour
Filiano et al 2016 and 2017
Activated microglia are important for brain homeostasis, progenator cell production, pruning of weak/failing synapses (plasticity during adulthood or pruning during development)
Norris and Kipnis 2019
Microglia not only impact dendrites but also contact the cell body of neurons, particularly cholinergic ones
Also contact blood vessels and may have some control on blood flow
Cserep 2020
