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Human Physiology > Physiology Unit 1 > Flashcards

Physiology Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomy?

A

the study of the structure of the body

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2
Q

What is physiology?

A

the study of the function of the body

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3
Q

What is an example of an average person?

A

a healthy, physically healthy 22-year old male, (eats 2,800 cal/day)

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4
Q

Positive feedback

A

cycle in which a physiological change leads to greater change in the same direction. A ‘normal’ way of producing rapid change. (Higher in the same direction)
Example: contractions during birth

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5
Q

Negative feedback

A

process in which the body senses a change and can reverse it
Ex: blood pressure, home heating system, always goes back to a set point

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6
Q

Homeostasis

A

regulation of human body, ability to detect change and maintain stable internal conditions

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7
Q

What is anatomy?

A

study of the human body structure

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8
Q

What is physiology?

A

study of the human body functions

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9
Q

What is the textbook example of an average person?

A

a healthy, physically active 22-year old male, eats 2,800 cal/day

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10
Q

positive feedback

provide definition and an example

A

cycle in which a physiological change leads to greater change in the same direction. A ‘normal’ way of producing fast change.
Ex: contractions during birth

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11
Q

negative feedback

provide definition and an example

A

process in which the body senses a change and reverses it. Always going back to a set point.
Ex: blood pressure, home heating system (only runs when it needs to)

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12
Q

homeostasis

A

regulation of human body living conditions, maintain stable internal conditions.

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13
Q

organism

A

single complete individual

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14
Q

organ system

A

group of organs with unique functions working together
Ex: respiratory, digestive

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15
Q

organ

A

composed of 2 or more types of tissue
Ex: skin, hair, pancreas

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16
Q

tissue

A

mass of similar cells
(4 types of tissues)

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17
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues?

A

epithelial, connective, nervous and muscular.

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18
Q

cell

A

smallest unit of an organism (nothing simpler than a cell is considered alive)

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19
Q

organelle

A

microscopic structures, composed of molecules
Ex: mitochondria, lysosomes

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20
Q

molecule

A

composed of at least 2 atoms

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21
Q

atoms

A

smallest particle

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22
Q

receptor

A

structure that detects a change or stimuli (usually called ____receptors)
Ex: chemoreceptors

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23
Q

effector

A

structure that carries out a response to a stimulus to restore homeostasis (cell or organ)

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24
Q

baroreceptors

A

detects change in pressure- receptors in the heart that trigger autonomic reflexes to fluctuate in blood pressure

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25
Q

integrating center

A

process info and relates it to other available info, makes an appropriate response
*Commonly the brain

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26
Q

gradient

A

difference in chemical concentration between 2 points
Ex: blood flows down hill/ gradient
*metabolic energy in our body is ATP

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27
Q

filtration

A

physical pressure forces fluid through a selectively permeable membrane
Ex) coffee filter, blood capillaries

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28
Q

hydrophilic

A

loves water

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29
Q

hydrophobic

A

hates, repels water

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30
Q

Membranes:
Cholesterol=%
Glycolipids=%
Phospholipids=%

A

cholesterol=20%
glycolipids=5%
phospholipids=75%

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31
Q

channel proteins

A

allow hydrophilic solutes to pass through

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32
Q

ligand-gated

A

respond to chemicals

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33
Q

voltage-gated

A

respond to charged changes (membrane potential)

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34
Q

98% of molecules in the plasma membrane are ____?

A

lipids

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35
Q

Various movements of the ____ keep membrane fluid

A

Proteins

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36
Q

The membrane is stiffened in some sports, decreasing its fluidity, by ____ molecules.

A

Cholesterol

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37
Q

Osmosis is best defined as the movement of ____

A

water molecules across a membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of lower concentration

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38
Q

What moves large particles and fluid droplets across the cell membrane?

A

Vesicular transport

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39
Q

Exocytosis

A

release substances from the cell via vesicles

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40
Q

Cytoplasm

A

has organelles in the jello

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41
Q

Cytosol

A

just the jello, no extra stuff

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42
Q

glycocalyx

A

fuzzy outer layer of membrane, unique for everyone, gives protection, and immunity to infection
(like a fingerprint for a person, but for the cell)

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43
Q

intracellular fluid

A

fluid contained inside a cell

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44
Q

selectively permeable

A

allows some things to pass through membrane and some not to

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45
Q

passive mechanism

A

no ATP, random molecular motion
Ex: ball rolling down hill naturally

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46
Q

simple diffusion

A

high to low concentration, does not require a membrane
Factors that impact speed of diffusion: size, temp, weight

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47
Q

carriers exhibit specificity

What does this mean for molecules and channels?

A

only sodium can go through sodium carriers

48
Q

carriers exhibit saturation

What does this mean for molecules surface area?

A

physical limit you can reach
Ex: waiting in line for a bus, the bus can only hold so many people, some must wait for another bus to come to get where they need to go

49
Q

uniport

A

only carries 1 type of solute

50
Q

symport

A

carries 2 types of solutes in the same direction

51
Q

antiport

A

carries 2 types of solutes in opposite directions

52
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

high to low diffusion, requires transport proteins, no ATP

53
Q

primary active transport

A

low to high , uses ATP to pump against gradient
Ex: sodium potassium pump, 3 Na+ out, 2 K+ in

54
Q

vesicle transport

A

moves large particles, uses ATP
(2 types: endocytosis, exocytosis)

55
Q

endocytosis

A

bring into the cell

56
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell eating

57
Q

pinocytosis

A

cell drinking

58
Q

receptor-mediated

A

particles bind and form around, forms a circle and ‘eats’ it

59
Q

exocytosis

A

bring out of cell
Ex: mammary gland cells release milk sugar

60
Q

osmotic pressure

A

pressure required to stop osmosis

61
Q

reverse osmosis

A

applying pressure to override osmotic pressure
Ex: purification of water

62
Q

osmolarity

A

osmotic concentration, quantity of non permeating solutes per liter of solution

63
Q

tonicity

A

ability of a surrounding solution to affect fluid volume and pressure in a cell

64
Q

what is acetylcholine

A

The neurotransmitter released at a neuromuscular junction

65
Q

What are factors that impact rate of simple diffusion?

A

temperature (higher temp= higher motion), size, (bigger size= slower speed), surface area (bigger area= higher diffusion rate)

66
Q

types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated

67
Q

osmosis

A

net flow of water through a selectively permeable membrane (passive=high to low) but moves to higher solutes– the water wants to ‘dilute’ the solute
Osmotic imbalances underlie: diarrhea, constipation

68
Q

how can cells speed up osmosis?

A

by installing more aquaporins

69
Q

what does hypertonic mean?

A

causes cell to lose water and shrivel (lysed)

70
Q

what does isotonic mean?

A

no change in cell volume
Ex: saline solution

71
Q

what does hypotonic mean?

A

causes cell to absorb water, swell and possibly burst
Ex: distilled water

72
Q

what is skeletal muscle?

A

voluntary(moves when we tell it to move), striated muscle attached to bones
long as 30 cm

73
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

outer-most layer of muscle

74
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

middle layer of muscle, around fascicles

75
Q

what is the endomysium?

A

inside most layer of each muscle fiber

76
Q

sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of a muscle fiber

77
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)

A

smooth ER that forms a network around each myofibril
(looks like a net around cell)

78
Q

myofilaments

A

composed of myofibrils
do the work of muscle contraction

79
Q

tropomyosin

A

blocks active sites, regulate contractions
(regulatory= switch that determines if a muscle can contract)

80
Q

troponin

A

regulates tropomyosin, calcium bings and activates
(regulatory= switch that determines if a muscle can contract)

81
Q

elastic filament

A

titin protein, looks like spring/ corkscrew
helps stabilize filament

82
Q

A band

A

dark band where think and thin filaments overlap
IAHM

83
Q

H band

A

surrounds myosin only
IAHM

84
Q

M line

A

anchors myosin, stabilizing though all sarcomeres
(middle line)
IAHM

85
Q

I band

A

surrounds actin only
outer-most layer
IAHM

86
Q

nerve-muscle relationship

A

must be stimulated by a nerve in order to contract
Ex: paralyzed comes from the nerves not being able to send message to muscle

87
Q

somatic motor neurons

A

each muscle fiber is supplied by only one motor neuron

88
Q

small motor units

A

fine, controlled movements
Ex: eye movement, drawing

89
Q

large motor units

A

provide more strength than control
Ex: spine, quads- running

90
Q

T-tubules

A

underground subway of muscle

91
Q

length tension relationship

A

Goldilocks principle: partially stretched
maintains muscle gone to ensure that resting muscles are near this length

92
Q

muscle twitch

A

quick cycle of contractions and relaxation

93
Q

latent period

A

delay after zapping/stimulating the muscle

94
Q

contraction phase

A

tension starts being generated

95
Q

relaxation phase

A

tension decreases

96
Q

threshold

A

minimum voltage that causes muscle to contract
twitches can vary in strength due to: muscle fatigue, hydration levels, temp of muscle (warmer muscle could have a bigger twitch)

97
Q

muscles contract differently with different strengths

Provide and example

A

holding a flower vs. crushing a can

98
Q

recruitment or multiple muscle summation

A

bringing more motor units into play.
must do small one first then can do bigger ones
If you need more strength, your body recruits more motor units

99
Q

higher frequency stimuli produce temporal (wave) summation, twitches piggyback off others

A

buzzzz buzzbuzzbuzbuzbzbuzbuzbuz

100
Q

low frequency zaps and allows muscle to relax before next zap

A

buzz. buzz. buzz. buzz.

101
Q

muscle contraction does not always = what?

A

muscle shortening

102
Q

isometric

what does isometric mean?

A

contraction without a change in length
use these all the time
Ex: back-posture

103
Q

isotonic

what does isotonic mean?

A

contraction with a change in length in tension

104
Q

2 types of isotonic contractions

A

concentric & eccentric

105
Q

concentric contraction

A

muscle shortens
Ex: lift weight

106
Q

eccentric contraction

A

muscle lengthens
Ex: lower weight
most injuries are eccentric– bc more force is coming down on sarcomeres and weight is on opposite ends (which causes injury)

107
Q

slow twitch

Also called slow oxidative, SO, red fibers, type 1

A

fatigue resistant, good at endurance exercises, good at aerobic exercise

108
Q

What is a fast twitch?

fast twitch

Also called FG, white fibers, type 2

A

produce strength quickly but also fatigue quickly, good at anerobic respiration

109
Q

What type of twitch is chicken?

A

slow twitch, they are land animals and do not fly so their meat is white

110
Q

What type of twitch is duck?

A

Fast twitch, they fly and use their wings, red meat

111
Q

peristalsis

A

allows things to be moved thru the digestive system

112
Q

stress-relaxation

A

respond to tension but does not contract
Ex: bladder

113
Q

plasticity

A

ability to adjust after stretch
bladder doesn’t stay flabby

114
Q

plank

what type of contraction eccentric, concentric or iostonic

A

isometric (abs) contractions hold

115
Q

going down push up

what type of contraction eccentric, concentric or iostonic

A

concentric- bicep

116
Q

going up push up

what type of contraction eccentric, concentric or iostonic

A

eccentric- pecs, triceps

Human Physiology (4 decks)

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