physlab lecture 2

Question 1

There are ____ rods per ganglion, ____ cones per ganglion

Answer 1

60, 2

Question 2

With light adaptation, Rhodopsin _____

Answer 2

breaks down

Question 3

With dark adaptation, Rhodopsin is ____

Answer 3

re-synthesized

Question 4

_____ is needed to synthesize Rhodopsin

Answer 4

Vitamin A

Question 5

A lack in Vitamin A could result in _____

Answer 5

night blindness

Question 6

Cones have 3 different kinds of _____

Answer 6

photopsins

Question 7

_____ is the mutation of protein of one cone

Answer 7

Anomalous trichromate

Question 8

___ is the complete loss of a cone pigment

Answer 8

Dichromate

Question 9

____ lacks red cones

Answer 9

Protanope

Question 10

______ lacks green cones

Answer 10

Deuteranope

Question 11

_____ lacks blue cones

Answer 11

Trianope

Question 12

_____ all colors look alike

Answer 12

Monochromate

Question 13

_____ is defined as heritable changes in a phenotype in the

absence of alterations of the DNA sequence

Answer 13

Epigenetics

Question 14

_____ = DNA + proteins

Answer 14

Chromatin

Question 15

_____ can change the shape of the DNA making some regions of DNA available for transcription, and some unavailable.

Answer 15

Proteins

Question 16

_____ are proteins that DNA is wrapped around. They can make DNA available or unavailable for transcription.

Answer 16

Histones

Question 17

_____ are proteins that can bind to DNA at promoter and enhancer sites (noncoding DNA regions) and alter the shape of the DNA

Answer 17

Transcription factors

Question 18

Alteration of gene expression causes ______

Answer 18

cell differentiation

Question 19

Many primary messenger molecules such as (3) regulate gene transcription

Answer 19

Neuropeptides, Hormones and Cytokines,

Question 20

Some primary messengers, such as _____ bind directly to transcription regulating proteins (a.k.a. hormone receptors) that bind to regions of DNA called _____.

Answer 20

steroid hormones, hormone response elements

Question 21

Regulation of gene expression by Cyclic AMP messengers regulate phosphorylation of transcription factors by activating ____ that phosphorylate the transcription factors

Answer 21

protein kinases

Question 22

Many growth factors as well as Insulin influence cells by the regulation of phosphorylation by receptors with _____ activity

Answer 22

tyrosine kinase

Question 23

_____ = DNA that is not transcribed to RNA

Answer 23

Noncoding DNA

Question 24

Noncoding DNA provide sites for the binding of _____

Answer 24

transcription factors

Question 25

Noncoding DNA = ____% the human genome

Answer 25

90%

Question 26

After binding transcription factors, the noncoding DNA can fold or unfold in various ways that influence the availability of a coding region of ____ for transcription to ____

Answer 26

DNA, RNA

Question 27

Noncoding DNA Mutations have been found that increase a person's risk for developing: (4)

Answer 27

Coronary artery disease Cancer: prostate, colorectal Extra fingers and toes Excessive inflammation

Question 28

_____ of Histone tails and or sequences of DNA can change the physical relationship between the DNA and histone

Answer 28

Methylation (CH₃)

Question 29

Methylation can _____ a gene making the gene unavailable for transcription to RNA.

Answer 29

"silence"

Question 30

Methylation of ____ permanently silences a gene, but methylation of ____ is reversible

Answer 30

DNA, Histone

Question 31

Changes in gene expression: Activating Marks (4)

Answer 31

Methylation Acetylation Phosphorylation Histone Remodeling Complexes

Question 32

Cancer cells can experience methylation of _____ genes making them unavailable for expression.

Answer 32

tumor suppressor

Question 33

____ can bind to complimentary regions of mRNA's and prevent the mRNA from being translated into protein.

Answer 33

Micro RNA's

Question 34

Hyper methylation of DNA that codes for micro RNA's which bind to mRNA's that code for factors that regulate _____.

Answer 34

growth

Question 35

Methylation and demethylation occurs continually in the adult brain. It effects formation and retention of _____

Answer 35

memory

Question 36

In childhood abuse, more DNA methylation occurs in genes for _____ in the _____

Answer 36

ribosomal RNA, hippocampus

Question 37

Boys with high aggressive behavior had decreased _____ blood levels and more methylation of genes coding for _____.

Answer 37

cytokine, cytokines

Question 38

Epigenetic events in addiction and depression is ____% genetics : ____% life experience

Answer 38

50%, 50%

Question 39

Epigenetics changes can be caused by random environmental events during _____ and ____ development

Answer 39

embryonic, fetal

Question 40

Epigenetics changes can also be caused by (2)

Answer 40

Drug use | Chronic stress

Question 41

Addiction to cocaine and opiates creates changes in gene expression in the _____

Answer 41

Nucleus Accumbens

Question 42

One hour after a single dose of cocaine results in _____ newly activated genes

Answer 42

100

Question 43

Chronic cocaine addiction results in decreased activity of _____ genes, keeps genes involved in the pleasure response to cocaine ready for activation

Answer 43

deacetylase

Question 44

Chronic cocaine addiction results in decreased activity of _____ genes, decreased ability to turn off gene expression

Answer 44

demethylation

Question 45

Depressed mice: ____ genes in the reward center had epigenetic changes with _____ genes - may shut down genes associated with the "feel good" experience

Answer 45

2000, 1200 histone methylated

Question 46

Depressed mice respond to _____. Many of the epigenetic changes were reversed by one month of treatment.

Answer 46

Imipramine

Question 47

Stress resistant mice had other reward center genes epigenetically altered, some of these genes are known to ____ the activity of the reward center

Answer 47

boost

Question 48

High physical contact between rodent mothers and newborn pups resulted in high resilience to _____ as adults

Answer 48

stress

Question 49

More active mothers resulted in offspring with a higher hippocampal concentration of _____ receptors

Answer 49

Glucocorticoid

Question 50

Increased Glucocorticoid sensitivity created negative feedback to reduce the total amount of Glucocorticoid secreted in response to _____.

Answer 50

stress

Question 51

Excessive chronic glucocorticoids causes: (4)

Answer 51

Suppressed immune function Increased risk of Diabetes Mellitus II Metabolic problems: Decreased hippocampal size

Question 52

Rodent pups raised by less nurturing mothers had more DNA methylation in the region of the genome regulating _____ and _____ receptors.

Answer 52

Glucocorticoid, estrogen

Question 53

Decreased Estrogen receptors may lead to decreased _____ behavior

Answer 53

mothering

Question 54

Direct mating of females with depressed male mice resulted in offspring with ____ sensitivity to stress and they were depressed as adults

Answer 54

high | normal