physyology 1 Flashcards
(32 cards)
what is phsiology ?
the study of the functions of living things
what is the The most common atoms in the body ?
— oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen
what is the molecules of life ?
as proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids
what is the cell ?
the smallest unit capable of carrying out the processes associated with life.
what is the basic cell functios ?
1-Obtaining food and oxygen from the surrounding environment and using them to provide energy for the cells
2-Eliminating to the cell’s environment carbon dioxide and other waste products
3-Synthesizing proteins
4-Controlling the exchanging of materials between the cell and its surrounding
5-Reproducing
what is the specialized cell functions ?
1- Digestive system glands produoce digestive enzymes that break down food
2-Muscle cells generate tension by selective movement
3-Nerve cells generate and transmit electrical impulses to other body regions
4-Kidney cells selectively retain or eliminate unwanted substances in the urine
what is the organ ?
body structure that integrates different tissues and carries out a specific function
what is Homeostasis ?
Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
Homeostatically Regulated Factors ?
- Concentration of nutrients
2 Concentration of O2 and CO2
3 Concentration of waste products
4 PH CHANGES
5 Concentrations of water, salt, and other electrolytes
6 Volume and pressure
7 TEMPERATURE
what are the messengers in the nervous system ?
electrical impulses
what are the messengers in the endocrine system ?
hormones (chemical messengers)
The nervous system uses electrochemical messengers that travel in our nerve cells. This provides a fast response, and it has a short-term effect.
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Endocrine system is made of what ?
different endocrine glands that produce chemical messengers called hormones
the responses generated by the endocrine system are slower to take place and last longer.
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what is the negative feedback ?
When a change occurs to a variable, the body makes a feedback that works to push the change away or Negate it and try to keep the variable as close to the set point as possible
what are the cells that have developed a specialized use for membrane potential?
neurons (nerve cell)
muscle cells
what is the resting membrane potential ?
the electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in a non-excited state.
What generates the resting membrane potential ?
1-theK+that leaks from the inside of the cell to the outside
2-the Na+ channels are closed
why the membrane is polarized ?
Because there is a potential difference across the cell membrane
what are the two types of membrane channels ?
leak channels
gated channels.
when the gated channel open ?and close?
response to a specific stimulus , when the stimulus is no longer present
what are the three main types of gated channels ?
chemically gated channels
, voltage-gated channels
mechanically-gated channels.
thermally gated channels
The main difference between graded potential and action potential is that graded potentials are the variable-strength signals that can be transmitted over short distances whereas action potentials are large depolarization that can be transmitted over long distances. Graded potential may lose the strength as they are transmitted through the neuron but, action potentials do not lose their strength during the transmission.
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what are The three primary forms of the graded potentials ?
receptor potential,
postsynaptic potentials
, end plate potentials.
