Pillar 0 - foundations Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
What is psychology?
A
the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
2
Q
What is behavior?
A
observable actions, reactions, or conduct of an individual
3
Q
What are mental processes?
A
Internal, subjective experiences, including thoughts, emotions, and perceptions
4
Q
nature vs nurture
A
the debate about whether genetics (nature) or environment (nurture) has a greater impact on a person’s development and behavior
5
Q
what is a hypothesis
A
a testable prediction or statement about the relationship between variables
6
Q
what is a theory
A
a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is based on empirical evidence
7
Q
what is an experiment?
A
a research method in which one or more variables are manipulated to observe the effect on another variable
8
Q
what is a correlation?
A
a statistical measure that indicates the extent to which two variables are related or associated
9
Q
what is a sample?
A
a subset of individuals or items selected from a large population for research purposes
10
Q
what is a population?
A
the entire group of individuals or items to which a study’s findings are meant to apply
11
Q
What is a dependent variable?
A
the variable that is measured in an experiment; its value depends on the independent variable
12
Q
what is an independent variable?
A
the variable that is manipulated or changed in an experiment to observe its effect on the dependent variable
13
Q
what is a placebo?
A
it is a substance or treatment that has no therapeutic effect but is used to test the effectiveness of a new drug or treatment
14
Q
what is a control group?
A
a group in an experiment that does not receive the experimental treatment and is used for comparison
15
Q
what is double-blind study?
A
a research design in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving the treatment
16
Q
what is a psychologist?
A
a professional with a doctoral degree who conducts research, provides therapy, and diagnoses and treats psychological disorders.
17
Q
what is psychotherapy?
A
the treatment of mental disorders or emotional problems through psychological techniques
18
Q
what is biological psychology?
A
the subfield of psychology that explores the links between biology and behavior, including the role of the brain, neurotransmitters, and genetic
19
Q
what is cognitive psychology
A
the study of mental processes such as perception, memory, and problem-solving
20
Q
what is social psychology?
A
the study of how people’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the presence and actions of others
21
Q
what is developmental psychology?
A
the study of how people grow, develop, and change over their lifespans
22
Q
what is clinical psychology?
A
a branch of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of mental and emotional disorders
23
Q
what is abnormal psychology
A
the study of psychological disorders and their treatment
24
Q
what is motivation?
A
the internal and external factors that stimulate and energize behavior
25
what is emotion?
a complex psychological state that involves a mix of subjective experience, physiological arousal, and expressive behavior
26
Basics of structuralism?
it is developed by Wilhelm Wundt and it focuses on the analysis of consciousness through introspection, the process of examining one's own thoughts and experiences.
27
basics of functionalism?
pioneered by william james, and it emphasizes the study of the purpose and function of mental processes in adapting to the environment
28
basics of behaviorism?
it was founded by John B. Watson and further developed by B.F. Skinner. It rejects the study of consciousness and focuses on observable behavior.
29
basics of psychoanalysis
founded by sigmund freud, emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind and the influence of early childhood experiences on an individual's personality
30
basics of gestalt psychology?
developed by max wertheimer, kurt koffka, and wolfgang kohler. it emphasizes the study of perception, emphasizing the idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
31
basics of humanistic psychology?
led by abraham maslow and carl rogers. focuses on the individual's self-actualization and personal growth
32
basic of cognitive psychology?
response to behaviorism. examines mental processes such as thinking, problem-solving, memory, and language. (ulric neisser)
33
what is jean piaget known for?
for his theory of cognitive development which explains how children's thinking and understand of the world evolve over time
34
what is Albert Bandura known for?
he developed the social learning theory, emphasizing the role of observational learning and the influence of the environment on behavior
35
what is Aaron Beck known for?
he is the pioneer of cognitive therapy (coginitive-behaviroal therapy, or cbt) which focuses on changing negative thought patterns to improve mental health.
36
what is Leon Festinger known for?
he introduced the theory of cognitive dissonance, which explores the discomfort individuals feel when they hold conflicting beliefs or attiudes
37
what is Albert Ellis known for?
he developed rational emotive behavior therapy, a form of cognitive behavioral therapy that emphasizes the role of irrational beliefs in emotional distress
38
what is Elizabeth Loftus known for?
she researched the malleability of memory and the imapct of suggestion on eyewitness testimony
39
what is martin seligman known for?
he founded the field of positive psychology, which explores human strengths, well-being, and happiness
40
what is Daniel Kahneman known for?
he pioneered the field of behavioral economics, which combines insights from psychology and economics to study how individuals make decisions
41
what is Carol Dweck known for?
she developed the mindset theory, which explores the impact of one's beliefs about intelligence and abilities on learning and achievement
42
What is the biological perspective?
focuses on the role of biology and genetics in shaping behavior and mental processes.
examines the influence of brain structure, neurotransmitters, and genetics on psychological phenomena
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what is the psychodynamic perspective?
emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences in shaping personality and behavior. Highlights concepts like the ID, ego, and superego
44
What is the behavioral perspective?
focuses on observable behavior and the impact of learning, conditioning, and environmental factors on behavior. Includes classical and operant conditioning, as well as social learning theory.
45
what is the cognitive perspective?
it emphasizes the study of mental processes such as thinking, memory, perception, and problem-solving. It investigates how individuals process information and make sense of the world
46
what is the humanistic perspective?
it stresses the importance of self-actualization, personal growth, and the role of free will in human behavior. It promotes a positive and client-centered approach in therapy
47
What is the social-cultural perspective?
it examines how culture, society, and social interactions influence behavior and mental processes. Studies the impact of cultural norms, group dynamics, and social norms on individuals
48
What is the evolutionary perspective?
it explores how evolution and natural selection have shaped human behavior and cognitive processes. It investigates how certain behaviors may have provided evolutionary advantages
49
What is the Biopsychosocial Perspective?
It integrates biological, psychological, and social factors to provide a holistic understanding of behavior and mental health
50
what is the ecological system theory?
it focuses on the influence of multiple interconnected systems, including the microsystem, mesosystem, ecosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem, on human development and behavior
51
what is positive psychology?
it concentrates on the study of human strengths, well-being, and factors that contribute to a fulfilling and meaningful life.
52
what is cultural psychology?
it examines how culture impacts psychological processes and behavior, including cultural norms, values, and beliefs
53
what is feminist psychology?
it addresses gender issues and how they impact the understanding of human behavior and the role of gender in society
54
what is good science?
valid and reliable
55
what are the five steps in a scientific method?
1. observe and develop a question
2. hypothesize
3. test (design study & collect data)
4. analyze data and make conclusions
5. evaluate (publish if appropriate)
56
what do you do in the first step of the scientific method?
observe some phenomenon
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what is a variable?
any factor that can change
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what is a theory?
a broad set of ideas that attempts to explain observations
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what do you do in the 2nd scientific method step?
formulate hypotheses and predictions
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what do you do in the third step of the scientific method?
you test your hypothesis through an empirical research
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what do you do in the fourth step of the scientific method?
you analyze and draw conclusions
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what do you do in the final step of the scientific method?
evaluate the theory, change it, peer review, publish, etc.
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what is the goal of descriptive research?
describing a phenomenon (through observations, case studies, and surverys and interviews)
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what is the purpose of correlational research?
to identify relationships
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what is the goal of experimental research?
to determine causation.
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what is included in experimental research?
experimental groups and control groups
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what is an independent variable?
a manipulated variable
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what is a dependent variable?
the outcome variable that changes due to the changes in the independent variable
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what happens to the experimental group?
they are given the independent (manipulated) variable
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what happens to the control group?
they are treated the same as the experimental group, but no manipulation
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what is a single-blind experiment?
when the participants are not aware whether they are in the experimental group or the control group
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what is a double-blind experiment?
when the experimenters don't know either
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what is a population?
entire group about which the researcher wants to draw conclusions
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what is a sample?
it is a portion of population
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what are statistics?
mathmatical methods used to report data
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what research ethics do participants have?
informed consent, confidentiality, deception, and debriefing
77
what is a clinical assessment?
a key approach in psychological evaluation that focuses on diagnosing and understanding mental health disorders, emotional issues, and psychological symptoms. It often involves clinical interviews, self-report questionnaires, and observations
78
what is a neuropsychological assessment?
a key approach in psychological evaluation that assesses an individual's cognitive, emotional, and behavioral functioning in relation to brain function. It is commonly used in cases of neurological conditions, brain injuries, and neurodevelopmental disorders
79
what is psychological testing?
a key approach in psychological evaluation. They are standardized instruments designed to measure specific psychological constructs.
80
what is an educational assessment
a key approach in psychological evaluation that is used in educational setting to evaluate students' academic abilities, learning disabilities, and special education needs. It includes tests, observations, and assessments of educational progress
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what kind of tests are in psychological testing?
intelligence tests, personality assessments, projective tests, and achievement tests,
81
what is a forensic assessment?
a key approach in psychological evaluation. Forensic psychologists use assessment methods to provide expert testimony in legal cases. This can include assessing individuals' mental competency to stand trial, evaluating the sanity of individuals at the time of a crime, and conducting risk assessments for parole decisions
82
what is a personnel assessment?
a key approach in psychological evaluation that are used for employee selection, performance appraisal, and career development. Asessment methods may include job-related tests, personality assessments, and interviews.
83
what is a cultural and diversity assessment?
a key approach in psychological evaluation that considers the impact of culture and diversity on psychological evaluation. It focuses on ensuring that assessment tools are culturally sensitive, and that the evaluator is aware of cultural factors that may influence the assessment
84
what is a health and rehabilitation assessment?
a key approach in psychological evaluation that assesses individuals' psychological well-being in relation to physical health and rehabilitation. it may be used in medical settings to assess the psychological impact of chronic illness, pain management, and adjustment to disability.
85
what is a behavioral assessment?
a key approach in psychological evaluation that focuses on observing and measuring observable behaviors and environmental factors that influence those behaviors. it is often used in clinical and educational settings to develop behavior interventions and treatment plans.
86
what is an environmental assessment?
a key approach in psychological evaluation. Environmental psychologists use assessment methods to evaluate the influence of the physical environment on human behavior and well-being. This can involve the assessment of workplace environments, urban planning, or the impact of natural settings on mental health.
87
what is community assessment?
a key approach in psychological evaluation. Community psychologists use assessment to understand the psychological needs and strengths of communities and design interventions to promote community well-being and social change.
88
what is a developmental assessment?
a key approach in psychological evaluation that assesses an individual's development across the lifespan, from infancy to old age. It may involve assessing cognitive, social, and emotional development at various stages of life.
89
what is informed consent?
Before conducting any assessment, psychologists must obtain informed consent from the individual or their legal guardian, explaining the purpose, procedures, and potential risks and benefits of the assessment.
90
what is standardization?
Assessment tools and procedures are standardized to ensure consistency in administration and scoring. This helps in making meaningful comparisons across individuals.
91
what is reliability?
Reliability refers to the consistency and stability of assessment measures. Reliable assessments produce consistent results when administered on different occasions.
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what is validity?
Validity refers to the accuracy and appropriateness of the assessment. A valid assessment tool measures what it is intended to measure. There are various types of validity, including content validity, construct validity, and criterion-related validity.
93
what are cultural considerations?
Psychologists need to consider cultural factors and the individual's background to ensure that the assessment is culturally sensitive and unbiased.
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