Pineal Gland, Hypothalamus, & Pituitary

Question 1

Pineal gland location

Answer 1

Adjacent to the 3rd ventricle (cavity)

Question 2

Functions Of Pineal

Answer 2

• Produces Melatonin (at night)
• Regulationg of circadian Rhythm (fascilitates sleep cycle)
• Regulate seasonal biorythms (in animals- where they give birth when more food is available)
• Produces Serotonin (daytime)
• Suppresses Gonadal function

Question 3

What turns serotonin to melatonin at night to facilitate sleep cycle

Answer 3

HIOM- hydroxyindole-o-methyltransferase

Question 4

What promotes melatonin synthesis

Answer 4

Direct autonomic sympathetic input from superior cervical gangion (at night)

Question 5

What Inhibits melatonin synthesis

Answer 5

Visual input from retina through suprachiasmatic nucleus (hypothalamus) (DURING THE DAY-interrupting melatonin synthesis)

(JETLAG)

Question 6

Pinealcyte secretes hormones into…

Answer 6

fenestrated cappilarries and carried into body to carry its function

Question 7

Location Of pinneal gland

Answer 7

Center of the brain- PIC

Question 8

Pinneal Gland Structure

Answer 8

Lobular parenchyma invaginated by connective tissue trabeculae
-Surrounding capsule

Question 9

Specific characteristic of pinneal gland

Answer 9

Corpora Arencea- Specific characteristic– the concentration of them accumulate with age
-AKA Brain Sand

Question 10

Pinealocytes Function

Answer 10

They secrete melatonin during darkness

Question 11

What do glial cells in Pinneal gland do?

Answer 11

Direct from monocytes- have phagocytic function

Question 12

Hypothalamus Location

Answer 12

• Above the pituitary
• Indistinct (not encapsulated)
• Cluster of neurons tht secrete hormones

Question 13

Hypothalamus is composed of different types of specialized neurons that are grouped together and called…

Answer 13

Nuclei

Question 14

Anterior hypothalamus regulates

Answer 14

Parasympathtic autonomic NS and body temperature

Question 15

Posterior Hypothalamus regulates

Answer 15

Sympathetic Autonomic NS

Question 16

Ventro Medial Nucleus in hypothalamus

Answer 16

Project to median eminence of pituitary to regulate Appetite, sleep and wake center, emotions, behavior

Question 17

Median Eminance

Answer 17

part of pituitary gland-

in the imfundibuluary stem which contains vascular bed (primary capillary plexus)

Question 18

Supraoptic Nucleus

Answer 18

Regulates water/mineral/metabolism (vasopressin/ Anti deuretic Hormone-ADH)

Question 19

Paraventricular Nucleus

Answer 19

Regulates parturition and milk ejection (oxytocin)

Question 20

Regulation of adenohypophysis in Hypothalamus

Answer 20

Regulates Pituitary

Question 21

Neurons in the ventral medial, dorsal medial, and infundibulary nuclei project and terminate to the…

Answer 21

Median Eminenece and infundibular stalk

Question 22

Neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei project down to and terminate at the…

Answer 22

Pars Nervosa

Question 23

What artery supplies median eminence and infundibular stalk?

Answer 23

Superior Hypophyseal-branches to form capillaries of median eminance

Question 24

What artery supplIes neurohyphophysis?

Answer 24

Inferior hypophyseal- branches to form fenestrated capillaries of pars nervosa

Question 25

Releasing and inhibiting hormones/factors of the hypothalamus

Answer 25

SEE TABLE

Question 26

Location of Pituitary gland

Answer 26

Attached to the hypothalamus and lies in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone- Used to localize base of brain

Question 27

Subdivisions of Pituitary: Neurohypophysis (Neuronal)

Answer 27

pars nervosa, infundibular stalk includes 1)stem and 2)median eminence (contains vascular bed)

Question 28

Subdivisions of Pituitary: Adenohypophysis (epithelial)

Answer 28

3 Parts: - Pars Distalis (or pars anterior)- Largest part of lobule - Pars intermedia - Pars Tuberalis- a projection from the adenohypophysis extends doral along the anterior and lateral aspects of the infundibular stalk

Question 29

What does Neural Diencephalon form?

Answer 29

Neurohypophysis

Question 30

What does Oral Ectoderm form?

Answer 30

Adenohypophysis

Question 31

Infundibulary Stalk and Pars Nervosa found in...

Answer 31

Neurohypophysis

Question 32

ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone/Vasopressin)

Answer 32

- Secretion by cell bodies in the Supraoptic Nucleus | - Promotes water reabsorption in kidney collecting ducts

Question 33

Oxytocin Secretion by Paraventricular Nucleus

Answer 33

-Stimulates milk ejection in mammary glands and uterine smooth muscle (myometrium) contractions

Question 34

Neurohypophysis Contains

Answer 34

- Pars Nervosa - Infundibular Stalk includes A) Stem and B) Median Eminence (vascular bed)- and herrings bodies which has ACH and Oxytocin

Question 35

Adenopophysis 3 Parts

Answer 35

- Pars Distalis (pars anterior) - Pars Intermedia- space between pars distalis and pars nervosa - Pars Tuberalis

Question 36

Chromophobes

Answer 36

Types of parenchymal cells in Pars Distalis: --Lack Granules - Follicular (support cells) - Undifferentiated cells

Question 37

Chromophils

Answer 37

Types of parenchymal cells in Pars Distalis: Secretory Cells -Acidophils: Stain with eosin and organge G (simple proteins) -Basophils: Stain with hematoxilin and PAS (glycoproteins) and stain purple

Question 38

Cell types of pars Distalis

Answer 38

Chromophobes, Acidophils, Basophils

Question 39

In Chromophil Cells, Acidophils Secrete...

Answer 39

- Somatotrophs (GH) 40-50% | - Mammotrophs (Prl) 15-25%

Question 40

In Chromophil Cells, Basophils Secrete...

Answer 40

-Thyrotrophs: TSH/thyrotropin 5% -Gonadrtrophs: FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) 10% LH (Luteinizing Hormone) 10% -Corticotrophs: 10-20% ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic H) B-Lipotropin B-Endorphin MSH (melanocyte stimulating H)

Question 41

Pars Tuberalis

Answer 41

Forms a partial collar around infuncdibular stalk - Histology (basophils) similar to pars distalis - Most Cells secrete gonadotrophins (LH and FSH) - Contains primary capillary plexus

Question 42

Location of Pars Tuberalis

Answer 42

PIC | -Right above Distalis

Question 43

Pars Intermedia

Answer 43

-Contains Basophilic Cells (melanotrophs) -Organized in cords Secrete MSH

Question 44

Rathke's Cysts (remnats of Rathke's pouch) filled with...

Answer 44

Colloid and lined by cuboidal epithelium

Question 45

Pineal Gland Embryology

Answer 45

Neuroectodermal Cell origin (Neural Tube Epithelium)

Question 46

What is a ventricle

Answer 46

Spaces between folds

Question 47

Herrings Body's Function

Answer 47

Little terminat dialations at the end of axons which store ADH and Oxytocin

Question 48

Sela Turcica

Answer 48

Cup-like stucture of bone where pituitary sits in- used to localize in brain

Question 49

Pituitary Sub-DIvisions

Answer 49

Adenohypoophysis (epithelial) and Neurohyphysis (neuronal)

Question 50

Neural diencephalon forms...

Answer 50

Neurohypophysis--formed because growing tissue of brain grows DOWN

Question 51

Oral Ectodern forms..

Answer 51

Adenohypophysis- formed because growing roof of mouth grows UP

Question 52

Nuclei Often seen in Pars Nervosa are...

Answer 52

Pituicytes (glial cells)

Question 53

Hormones and binding protein in the Neurohypophysis

Answer 53

1. ADH- Antidiuretic Hormone/ Vasopressin - -Secretion by Cell Bodies in the Supraoptic nucleus - -Promotes water reabsorption in kidney collecting ducts 2. Oxytocin secretion by Paraventricular Nucleus - -Stimulates milk ejection in mammary gland and uterine contraction 3. Neurophysin: Carrier glycoprotein associated with the 2 hormones

Question 54

(follicular liquor).

Answer 54

accumulations of hyaluronic acid-rich fluid in the Antrum Cavity