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CC2 lab semi finals > pineal to thyroid > Flashcards

pineal to thyroid Flashcards

1
Q

pineal gland is — shaped, attached on —

A

pine coned shape attached on midbrain

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2
Q

pineal gland

it converts serotonin to — which is important for —

A

MELATONIN

important for: sexual development, sleep/wake cycle

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3
Q

hypothalamus is located at the base of the brain which is the source of what hormones?

hypothalamus controls pituitary gland by?

A

tropic hromones

neurosecretory and neurostimulation

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4
Q

enumerate the functions of hypothalamus (7)

A
  • blood pressure
  • rate & force of heart beat
  • digestive tract motility
  • rate and depth of breathing
  • pleasure, fear, rage
  • body temp.
  • hunger, satiety, sleep cycle
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5
Q

hypothalamus

enumerate the tropic hormones (6)

tropic hormones are insoluble to the body

A
  • thyrotropin-releasing hormone
  • gonadotropin-releasing hormone
  • growth hormone-releasing hormone
  • corticotropin-releasing hormone
  • somatostatin
  • dopamine

TRH, GnRH, GHRH, CRH, S, D

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6
Q

hypothalamus

a tripeptide which goes to pituitary gland to TSH and the product is T3T4

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

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7
Q

hypothalamus

GnRH has — amino acids
this is released at —

what is the product of gonadotropin-releasing hormone?

A

10 amino acids

released at onset of puberty for sexual development

products: ESTROGEN & TESTOSTERONE

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8
Q

amino acids

GHRH:
CRH:
Somatostatin:

A

GHRH: 44
CRH: 41
Somatostatin: 2 active forms 14 and 28

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9
Q

hypothalamus

product of CRH

acts – cells – anterior lobe of pituitary gland —-

A

Adenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

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10
Q

hypothalamus

a growth-inhibiting hormone which has 2 active forms and acts on anterior lobe of PG.

this hormone is also produced in —

A

SOMATOSTATIN

produced in pancreas & intestine

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11
Q

hypothalamus

Somatostatin inhibits the hormone?

A

TSH and GH

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12
Q

hypothalamus

dopamine is derived from — and inhibits release of — from anterior lobe of PG

A

derived from tyrosine and inhibits the release of prolactin

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13
Q

pituitary gland (hypophysis) means to —

this gland is generally for — (enumerate)

A

to spit mucus

pituitary gland is for:
- growth
- metabolism
- milk production
- pregnancy

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14
Q

pituitary gland

enumerate the cells and their associated hormones

A
  1. Lactotrophs - PROLACTIN
  2. somatotrophs - GH
  3. thyrotrophs - TSH
  4. corticotrophs - ACTH
  5. gonadotrophs - FSH, LH
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15
Q

pituitary gland

the extension of forebrain and the storage for — from neurosecreotry cells of hypothalamus

A

NEUROHYPOPHYSIS

storage for ADH & oxytocin

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16
Q

pituitary gland

intermediate lobe of pars intermedialis is the thin layer of cells that produce what hormone?

A

melanocyte stimulating hormone

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17
Q

pituitary gland

these produces large hormones and are more complex than hypothalamus

A

adenohypophysis

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18
Q

pituitary gland

enumerate the hormones produced by adenohypophysis

A
  • somatotropin (GH)
  • gonadotropins (FSH, LH)
  • prolactin
  • thyrotropin (TSH)
  • corticotropin (ACTH)
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19
Q

pituitary gland

this is associated with pituitary and parapituitary hypothalamic tumors

A

hypopituitarism

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20
Q

pituitary gland

this has no pituitary function

A

panhypopituitaryism

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21
Q

pituitary gland

this is associated with “shock of pregnant girl at time of delivery”

A

Sheehan’s syndrome
pituitary ischemia

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22
Q

pituitary gland

enumerate the modifiers of adenohypophysis (6)

A
  • excercise, sleep
  • arginine
  • sex steroids
  • alpha-agonist drugs
  • beta-blockers
  • hypoglycemia
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23
Q

pituitary gland - adenohypophysis

this has 191 amino acids, the most improtant for growth and the most abundant.

it is structurally related to PRL and HPL

A

growth hormone

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24
Q

pituitary gland - adenohypophysis

growth hormone function

A

GH is for:
- onset of sleep (2-3 hrs peak)
- calcium retention of bones (mineralization, protein synthesis, lipolysis)
- internal organ development
- function of pancreas & gluconeogenesis

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25
Q

pituitary gland - adenohypophysis

excess GH can lead to?

A

Acromegaly or Gigantism (Tumor in PG)

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26
Q

pituitary gland - adenohypophysis

the overall metabolic effect of this hormone is the conservation of glucose

inversely related to glucose

A

growth hormone

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27
Q

pituitary gland - adenohypophysis

gold standard/confirmatory test

complete rest at — before collection

A

Insulin tolerance test

rest at 30 mins before collection

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28
Q

pituitary gland - adenohypophysis

gonadotropins are inhibited by — which is the 4th marker of down syndrome

if decrease = ?

A

Inhibin A

decrease = sterility

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29
Q

pituitary gland - adenohypophysis

gonadotropins acts on thecal cells of ovarial follicles to produce — (3)

A
  • androgens
  • estrogens
  • progesterone

IF DECREASE = STERILITY

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30
Q

pituitary gland - adenohypophysis

enumerate the uses of gonadotropins

A

evaluate:
- infertility (w/ other hormones)
- functioning gonads
- early/late puberty
- menstrual problems
- menopause

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31
Q

pituitary gland - adenohypophysis (gonadotropin)

a specific hormone for menstrual cycle and ovulation of girls

for boys, it stimulate production of testosterone by leydig cells

A

Luteinizing hormone

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32
Q

pituitary gland - adenohypophysis (gonadotropin)

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) functions in girls and boys

A

girls: mens and eggs by ovaries
boys: sperm production (constant amount)

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33
Q

pituitary gland - adenohypophysis

prolactin is also called as a — hormone. this is produced by lactotrophs, with single chain and can be stimulated by — or —

prolactin is a direct effector.

A

STRESS HORMONE

stimulated by TRH/estrogen

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34
Q

pituitary gland - adenohypophysis

prolactin is for — and highest in what time?

A

production of breast milk

highest in: 4-8 am and 8-10 pm

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35
Q

pituitary gland - adenohypophysis

a glycoprotein that travels to thyroid gland then adds iodine = T3, T4

A

thyrotropin (TSH)

2 monocovalently subunits:
- a: 92 amino acid sequence same with LH, FSH, HCG
- B: 118 amino acids and specific info to the binding receptors of hormonal activities

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36
Q

pituitary gland - adenohypophysis

ACTH is a single chain polypeptide which is the function is to activate —

if decrease ACTH: ?
if increase ACTH: ?

A

CORTISOL

decrease: atrophy | increase: Addisons disease & Ectopic tumors

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37
Q

pituitary gland - adenohypophysis

ACTH peaks at — and low at —

specimen should?

A

peaks: 6-8 am
low: 6-11 pm

NO CONTACT WITH GLASS

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38
Q

T or F: neurohypophysis produces and releases hormones

A

FALSE
release only does NOT produce

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39
Q

hormones released by neurohypophysis

A

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

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40
Q

neurohypophysis

oxytocin & ADH are nonapeptides which is produced by —

A

supra optic cells & paraventicular cells of the hypothalamus

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41
Q

pituitary gland - neurohypophysis

oxytocin with corner protein associated is for — (enumerate)

A

CONTRACTION of:
- uterus
- muscle during delivery and lactation

and has emotional effects

oxytocin has no known disease

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42
Q

pituitary gland - neurohypophysis

contraction of uterus is also known as —

A

fergussion reflex

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43
Q

pituitary gland - neurohypophysis

oxytocin are produced due to —

A
  • birth canal (stimulate)
  • touch receptor of breast (milk flow)
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44
Q

pituitary gland - neurohypophysis

this hormone is associated with a “cry of a hungry baby”

A

oxytocin

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45
Q

pituitary gland - neurohypophysis

oxytocin have effects on — (4)

A
  • pituitary
  • renal
  • cardiac
  • immune function
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46
Q

pituitary gland - neurohypophysis

ADH is also known as — which conserve body water and constrict in BV. it act on — and — of kidneys to maintain water balance.

A

arginine vasopressin

act on DCT and CD of kidneys

47
Q

pituitary gland - neurohypophysis

ADH is stimulated by —

enumerate the 8

A
  • Low BP
  • hypovolemia
  • fright
  • pain
  • nicotine
  • narcotics
  • barbiturates
  • increase plasma osmolality
48
Q

pituitary gland - neurohypophysis

ADH is inhibited by —

A
  • carbonated drinks
  • alcohol
  • dilantin
  • a-agonists
49
Q

pituitary gland - neurohypophysis

max of ADH

ADH is coupled with — and induce aquaporin-2 insertion in the tubular luminal membrane.

A

>295 mosm/kg

coupled with adenylate cyclase

50
Q

pituitary gland - neurohypophysis

diabetes insipidus (>2L/day urine)

this is increase/decrease in what hormone?

A

decrease ADH

neurogenic - ADH def./hypothalamus
nephrogenic - kidney receptors impaired

51
Q

pituitary gland - neurohypophysis

increase ADH without stimuli due to brain injury, trauma, tumors, lung cancer

increase water retention, hypo-osmolality, hyponatremia

A

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)

52
Q

thyroid gland is a — shaped with 2 lobes separated by — (15-25g)

LARGEST ENDOCRINE GLAND!!

A

butterfly shaped

separated by Isthmus

53
Q

thyroid gland straddles the trachea and start to produce hormone at —

enumerate the functions of thyroid gland

A

11 week gestation

function: produce thyroid hormones, iodine storage

54
Q

thyroid gland

cells that controls metabolism

A

follicular epithelium
T3, T4

55
Q

thyroid gland

cells that is associated with calcitonin

A

parafollicular cells

56
Q

thyroid gland

normal thyroid iodide to plasma iodide ratio

this is needed for hormone synthesis

A

25-40:1

iodine

57
Q

thyroid gland

iodine intake: <50 ug/day

this indicates?

A

hormone secretion deficiency

58
Q

thyroid gland

iodine intake: 150 ug/day (1 mg/week)

this indicates?

A

normal function

59
Q

thyroid gland

organized by thyroid cells and it absorbs iodine (ring shape)

A

follicles

60
Q

thyroid gland

reservoir of materials for hormone production (rich in glycoprotein thyroglobulin) surrounded by follicle

a viscous substance

A

colloid

colloid is within the follicle.

61
Q

thyroid gland

major component of colloid which is synthesized and secreted by follicles

additional info: with tyrosyl groups (rich in tyrosine)

A

thyroglobulin

thyroglobulin is located inside a colloid.

62
Q

thyroid gland

presence of this in the blood indicate tumor (malignant/benign)

reflected thyroid mass, injury & TSH receptor stimulation

A

thyroglobulin

63
Q

thyroid gland

thyroglobulin is increase in?

A
  • graves disease
  • thyroiditis
  • nodular goiter
64
Q

thyroid gland

resources will be used for creation of T3 and T4, this refers to —

A

thyroglobulin

65
Q

thyroid gland

enumerate the 6 in biosynthesis

biosynthesis is controlled by TSH.

A
  • iodide trapping/uptake (by Na-iodide symporter)
  • oxidation
  • iodination of tyrosyl residius by TPO
  • coupling/condensation reaction
  • thyroglobulin is then moved to the colloid for storage
  • exocytosis of collod droplets
66
Q

thyroid gland

this biosynthesis happens at basal membrane of follicular cells. Iodide diffuse into the lumen

lumen iodide to follicular iodide ratio

A

iodide trapping/uptake

lumen iodide to follicular iodide ratio: 5:1

67
Q

thyroid gland

conversion of iodide to elemental iodide by thyroid peroxidase enzyme. this refers to what biosynthesis?

A

oxidation

68
Q

thyroid gland

iodothyronine formed at optical barrier, follicular cells

A

monoiodothyronine & diiodothyronine

69
Q

thyroid gland

DIT + DIT by TPO

A

T4

70
Q

thyroid gland

MIT + DIT

A

T3

71
Q

thyroid gland

T4 BINDING PROTEINS

plasma protein: __ %
free: ___%

A

plasma protein: 99.95%
free: 0.05%

72
Q

thyroid gland

  • thyroid binding globulin is ___% of T4
  • thyroid binding pre albumin is __% of T4
  • thyroid binding albumin is ___% of T4

TBG is measured by?

A

TBG: 75%
TBPA: 15-20%
TBA: 9%

measured by immunoassay

73
Q

thyroid gland

T3 BINDING PROTEINS (%)
___ : free
___ : TBG
___ : TBPA
___ : TBA

A

free: 0.5%
TBG: 99.5%
TBPA: very low
TBA: none

74
Q

thyroid gland

enumerate the hormone loop (step by step)

A
  1. decrease metabolism
  2. detected by hypothalamus (TRH)
  3. stimulate anterior pituitary
  4. target organ (thyroid)
  5. T3/T4
  6. target organ
  7. adrenal medulla
  8. epinephrine & norepinephrine
  9. increase metabolism
75
Q

thyroid gland

enumerate the physiologic actions (8)

A
  1. basal metabolic rate
  2. tissue growth
  3. CNS development
  4. ANS
  5. CV & respiratory systems
  6. GIT
  7. Skin
  8. lactogenesis
76
Q

thyroid gland

this is for deiodination and has 2 types

A

iodothyronine 5’ -deiodinase

77
Q

thyroid gland

most abundant type of iodothyronine 5’ -deiodinase. this is for T3 circulation and found in —

A

type 1

found in liver and kidney

78
Q

thyroid gland

type 2 iodothyronine 5’ -deiodinase is found in?

A
  • brain
  • maintain T3 levels in CN3
79
Q

thyroid gland

main serum carrier of T3 & T4

A

thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

80
Q

thyroid gland

T4:T3 ratio in blood

A

20:1

81
Q

thyroid gland

T or F: most of the plasma are T3 derived but the major is T4 which is from direct TG secretion

A

TRUE

82
Q

thyroid gland

T4 aacounts 80% of plasma T3, this refers to —

A

extrathyrodial deiodination

liver/kidney: deiodinate T4 |
peripheral tissue: T4 -> T3

83
Q

thyroid gland

3rd major circulating thyroid hormone which is the removal or 1 iodine from inner ring of T4

A

reverse T3 (rT3)

function: more on testing since it is inactivated

84
Q

thyroid gland

used to assess borderline or conflicting lab results and this is elevated in patients with erythroid sick syndrome

also high in newborns

A

rT3

difference between T3 is that T3 is active | rT3 inactive

85
Q

thyroid gland

T or F: T3 is not useful in diagnosing hypothyroidism because levels are not reduced until it becomes severe.

A

TRUE

86
Q

thyroid gland

TH is metabolized by?

A
  1. deiodination
  2. deamination
  3. cojugation (by glucoronic acid)

conjugated -> bile duct -> intestine -> excreted

87
Q

thyroid gland

a thyroid hormone with most hormonal activity. this is measured by competitive assay

75-80% is from tissue deiodination of T4 (outer ring)

A

Trioodothyronine

3, 5, 3 Trilodothyronine

88
Q

thyroid gland

Trioodothyronine is for diagnosing —

increase T3 is first seen in ____

A

for diagnosing T3 thyrotoxicosis

first seen in hyperthyrodism

89
Q

thyroid gland

a hormone indicator of recovery and recurrence of hyperthyroidism (low in cord blood)

what is the physiologically active form of this hormone?

A

Trioodothyronine (T3)

FT3 - physiologically active and is readily available

90
Q

thyroid gland

principal secretory product and the major fraction of organic iodine

prohormone of T3

A

Tetraiodothyronine (T4)

3, 5, 3’, 5’ tetraiodothyronine | thyroxine

91
Q

thyroid gland

indicator of thyroid secretory rate

physiologically active form of T4?

increase T4 indicates?

A

Serum T4

active form: FT4

increase T4 = no TSH

92
Q

thyroid gland

enumerate the methods used for thyroglobulin tests

A
  • ELISA
  • RIA
  • IRMA
  • Immunochemiluminescent assay
93
Q

thyroid gland

increase thyroglobulin tests indicates?

A

thyroid cancer nodular goiter, hyperthyroidism

94
Q

thyroid gland

decrease thyroglobulin test indicates?

A

goitorous hypothyroidism and thyrotoxicosis factitia

95
Q

associated diseases

  • inc T3 & T4
  • dec TAG level

enumerate the signs and symptoms

A

hyperthyroidism

  • heat intolerance (incr sweating)
  • emotionally labile
  • tachycardia
  • unexplained weight loss
  • tremors, restlessness, hyperkinesis, anxiety, irritability
  • diarrhea and increase appetite
96
Q

associated diseases

primary hyperthyrodism
enumerate the inc and dec

A

increase: T3, T4, FT4, rT3
decrease: TSH
normal TBG

97
Q

associated diseases

secondary hyperthyroidism
enumerate the inc and dec

A

increase T3, T4, TSH
“pituitary problems”

98
Q

associated diseases - hyper

most common and autoimmune
diffuse toxic goiter due to circulating antibodies to TSH receptor

test?

with exophthalmos & pritibial myxedema

A

Grave’s disease

test: TSH receptor antibody test

99
Q

associated diseases

thyroid is woody/stony hard mass

A

Riedel’s thyroiditis

100
Q

associated diseases

enumerate the diseases in hyperthyroidism

A
  • Grave’s disease
  • Reidel’s thyroiditis
  • subclinical hyperthyroidism
  • subacute granulomatous/subacute non-suppurative thyroiditis / De Quervain’s
101
Q

associated diseases

painful thyroiditis
TPO antibody is absent

increase thyroglobulin and ESR

A

subacute granulomatous/subacute non-suppurative thyroiditis / De Quervain’s

102
Q

associated diseases

low TSH, normal FT3 & FT4 and without symptoms

A

subclinical hyperthyrodism

103
Q

associated disease

after fertility

A

increase FT4 and T3
low TSH

104
Q

associated disease

decrease T3, T4
increase TAG

enumerate the sign and symptoms

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM
- cold intolerance
- bradycardia, fatigue
- dryness of skin
- unexplained weight gain, dyspnea, hair loss
- mental dullness, muscle weakness, constipation
- yellow discoloration of skin
- decrease Na+ incrase CK

105
Q

associated disease

associated with severe hypothyroidism

A
  • pleural and peritoneal effusions
  • irregular mens
  • periorbital edema
  • myopathy
  • anemia
106
Q

associated disease

inc TSH
dec T3 T4 rT3 FT4
normal TBG

A

primary hypothyroidism

normal or increase: aTPO, ATG, TBII
normal to decrease: Tg

107
Q

associated disease

dec T3 T4 FT4 TSH

A

secondary hypothyroidism

108
Q

associated disease

normal T3 T4 FT4
slightly inc TSH

no signs and symptoms

A

subclinical hypothyroid…

109
Q

enumerate the associated diseases in hypothyroidism

A
  • hashimoto’s disease
  • myxedema
  • congenital hypothyroidism
110
Q

associated disease

common cause of primary hypothyroidism

with goiter, thyroid is replaced by nest of lymphoid tissue

A

Hashimoto’s disease
Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis

also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis

111
Q

associated disease

test for hashimoto’s disease and its results

A

TPO antibody test

increase TSH

TPO Ab = tissue destructive disease

112
Q

associated disease

peculiar nonpitting swelling of skin
- “puffy face” (moon face)
- weight gain, slow speech
- thin eyebrows, dry yellow skin

A

myxedema

myxedema coma is due to severe hypothyroidism

113
Q

associated disease

development/functional defect of gland
retarded child

A

congenital hypothyroidism
“cretinism”

CC2 lab semi finals (7 decks)

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