Pioneers Flashcards
(222 cards)
1
Q
Thales
A
water most important element
2
Q
Pythagoras
A
saw correspondence between worldly experiences and mathematics
3
Q
Heraclitus
A
ambiguous relationship of stability and change
4
Q
Zeno
A
describing paradoxes deriving from concept of infinity
5
Q
Protagoras
A
concentration on strictly human issues and problems not ultimate
6
Q
Hippocrates
A
naturalistic humoral theory & Hippocratic corpus
7
Q
Socrates
A
-> teacher of Plato, Meno: immortal born is reborn -> nativist view (knowledge within individual just has to be brought out) & rationalism /emphasizing reason) -> know thyself
8
Q
Xenophon
A
-> Socrates student (provided accounts), famous historian
9
Q
Plato
A
founder of Academy -> rationalism, idealism (existence of sth. More fundamental& ultimate) & nativism, difference between appearance and ideal forms underlying them
10
Q
Aristotle
A
-> empiricist view (knowledge from experience & observation), scale of nature, categories of human psyche
11
Q
Theoprastus
A
friend of Aristotle, work on plants complemented his animal collection
12
Q
Democritus
A
promoted atomic theory (universe composed of tiny atoms)
13
Q
Epicurus
A
accepted Democritus, lifestyle of conscious hedonism
14
Q
Lucretuis
A
roman writer celebrating atomic theory and Epicureanism (de Rerum Natura)
15
Q
Al_kindi
A
translated Greek writings, introduced Indo-Arabic numerals
16
Q
Alhazen
A
optics & visual perception -> laid foundations still recognized -> camera obsura
17
Q
Avicenna
A
-> Canon of Medicine (definitive medical text), Book of the Cure (comments on Aristotle -> influenced medieval Europe
18
Q
Fibonnacci
A
introduced Indo-Arabic numerals in Europe
19
Q
Aquinas
A
Reintroduced Aristotelian views & others after encountering Avicenna’s -> integrating them with Christian belief
20
Q
Galilei
A
promoted theory of primary and secondary qualities
21
Q
Descartes
A
interactive dualism between body and soul, followed Aristotle, mechanistic explanation for body functions -> highest rationality, conscious, free will & self-awareness (rational soul), simple natures
22
Q
P.E. Bohemia
A
important intellectual relationship to Descartes -> how can immaterial soul interact with physical body
23
Q
Locke
A
human mind -> tabula rasa -> knowledge comes through experience (empiricism), founder of British association => nurture
24
Q
Boyle
A
Boyles law (volume of gas varies with pressure upon it), influenced Locke
25
Cooper
-> politician patron friend -> Locke, first Earl of Shaftesbury
26
Molyneux
-> blind person vision -> distinguish cube rom sphere only vision -> Locke
27
Hobbes
notion of social contact & human reasoning form of mathematical calculation
28
Masham
scholar and friend of Locke, correspondence with Leibniz
29
Leibniz
world composed of dynamic entities -> monads, mind is marble (predisposition), binary arithmetic, calculation with machine -> influence computers
30
Spinoza
pantheism (god is universe) -> influence Leibniz
31
Leeuwenhoek
developer of microscope -> influenced Leibniz with life in drop of water
32
S.C. Palentine
youngest sister of EoB -> friend and supporter in Hannover
33
S. Charlotte
daughter of SCP friend of Leibniz & disciple
34
Berkeley
bishop applied Locke association principle to analyze depth perception
35
Hartley
tried integrating associations with neurophysiology -> ideas caused by vibrations in specific locations of brain and nerves
36
Mill
empiricism & associationism -> influenced son JSM
37
Stuart Mill
most important differences in people from associationistic & empiristic principles (not innate factors)
38
Gall
Brains importance in higher functioning -> phrenology
39
Willis
difference grey & white matter -> first accurate Anatomy of Brain
40
Lavater
-> promoted -> physiognomy (reading character in physique
41
Flourens
ablation in animals -> contradicting Gall, cortex a whole, cerrelebrum coord. & movement
42
Boulliard
language cortex in frontal cortex (no other localizations) -> influenced Aubertin
43
Aubertin
theory of speech localization -> brain injured soldier
44
Broca
tan patient -> sensory aphasia -> challenged Flourens idea -> speech function in left frontal brain region -> Broca area
45
Fritsch
motor strip -> electrical brain stimulation
46
Hitzig
motor strip -> electrical brain stimulation
47
Ferrier
-> demonstrated functionally distinct centers in cortex
48
Wernicke
localization theory for theory of aphasia -> area comprehension of speech -> Wernicke area
49
Franz
trained Lashley, ablation of cortex on cats -> method ablation and animal training
50
Lashley
study learning & memory ->ablation animals’ memory not localized but distributed
51
Bartholow
one of first to conduct electrical brain stimulation on conscious human
52
Penfield
brain stimulation -> find center of epilepsy -> interpretive cortex, showed how areas associated with sensation and memory
53
Milner
case study H.M. (lost capacity for STM) -> hippocampus role in forming recent memory, idea of LTM & working memory, declarative vs. procedural memory
54
Hebb
learning & other behaviors function of neurological networks -> assemblies
55
Kant
Noumenal vs. phenomenal world, active mind -> experiences in. term of innate intuitions & categories
56
Hume
laws of association by continuity & similarity, Causality?
57
Hemholtz
psychological mechanism + law of conservation of energy, speed of nerve signal transmission, perception, trichromatic color theory, perceptual adaptation & unconscious interference
58
Müller
maj. Founder of cognitive movement, info theory of language & promoted Chomsky, 7 items storable in memory, Harvard C. Cognitive Studies
59
Du Bois- Reymond
early mechanistic physiologist, electrochemical nature of nerve impulses, encouraged Helmholtz
60
Hering
-> colour-afterimage, theory of color vision
61
Gibson
depth perception innate
62
FEchner
-> measurement of relationship of subjective & physical stimulus -> psychophysics, absolute threshold S= k *log (P)
63
Weber
-> accurate discrimination of stimulus intensities -> depending of relative not absolute (jnd of weight)
64
Stevens
modified Fechner law to function -> accounting subjective e intensity increasing quicker
S=kP^n
65
Ehrenfels
concept of Gestalt qualities (squareness of square…) -> prefigured gestaltp.
66
Wertheimer
studied optical illusion, apparent movement, phi phenomena -> productive thinking theory promote, founder of Gestalt psychology
67
Koffka
-> founder of Gestalt psychology, principle of Gestalt Psychology -> standard exposition of movement
68
Köhler
founder of Gestalt psychology, insight in chimpanzee learning, promoted psychophysical isomorphism
69
Goldstein
applied Gestalt psychology to brain injuries (assessed holistically), self-actualization
70
Lewin
everyone resides in psyc. Field of totality of his psyc. Situation, pioneer in experimental social psychologist, action research, group dynamic
71
C. Darwin
naturalist, theory of evolution and natural selection
72
E. Darwin
doctor, inventor, poet, science, theory of evolution, grandfather Darwin
73
Henslow
recommended that Darwin went on voyage Beagle
74
Lyell
theory of uniformitarianism in relation to geology
75
Ussher
estimated the earth to be 6000 years old, correlated catastrophism theory
76
Paley
argument from design as objection to gradual evolution
77
Lamarck
species evolve & change by inheriting physical features resulting voluntary use
78
Malthus
writing on population. Growth -> inspired Darwin
79
Wallace
also had evolution theory through natural selection
80
Huxley
supported Darwins theory, defended him publicly
81
Spencer
survival of the fittest, promoted social Darwinsim
82
Romanes
used darwins data on animal behavior -> comparative psychology
83
Galton
hereditary intelligence & eugenics, foundation modern intelligence testing, behavior genetics, research twins
84
Quetelet
measurements from large population fell into normal distribution
85
DE Candolle
focused on cultural and environmental factors (more than hereditary)
86
Pearson
refined Galtons method od calculating coefficient of correlation (r)
87
Newman
major study on separated twins (30s)
88
Freeman
major study on separated twins (30s)
89
holzinger
major study on separated twins (30s)
90
Burt
-> “Galton successor” – prmoting intelligence testing -> strong hereditary component intellegence
91
Jensen
educational psychologist -> ineffectiveness of compensatory edu. On poor urban children -> genetic role in intelligence differences between races
92
Kamin
uncovered Burt study -> flaws that invalidated result -> environment important
93
Wundt
first experimental psyc. Lab (1879), Völkerpsychologie separate für language, reasoning (nonexperimental)…
94
Bessel
-> RT differed consistently according to personal equation -> Wundt & Helmholtz reference NS -> linking experience and physical systems
95
Donders
devised subtractive method, -> formula reaction time speed of mental processes
96
Cattle
analysis of personality traits 16PF
97
Titchener
leader structuralist school Cornell, main goal of exp. Analysis of basic elements consciousness -> introspection
98
Gambkle
titchner PhD student -> sensation of smell, prof. Wellesley
99
Washburn
first woman with doctorate in psyc. (Titchener), learning and mental processes animals
100
Ladd-Franklin
evolutionary color receptors, challenge Titchener no women policy: Experimentalists
101
Külpe
introspective methods on higher processes (contradicting Wundt), imageless thoughts
102
watt
student Külpe, directed association, words association highly specific manner, influenced by predetermined motives, challenge subtractive method
103
ach
direct-association studies -> subsequent reasoning
104
Ebbinghaus
Studied memory with nonsense syllables -> forgetting curve
105
James
first lab in America, usefulness of ideas -> pragmatism
106
Renouvier
wrote about free will -> influenced James
107
Bain
one of the first to integrate physiology and psychology -> influenced James (habit)
108
Lange
emotions caused by bodily reactions not reversed -> James-Lange theory
109
Peirce
colleague James, semiotics, pragmatism, symbolic logic, supervised Ladd-Franklin
110
Hall
-> first American earn Ph.D. under James, founder APA, leader child & developmental psychology -> adolescence
111
Sumner
first African Am. To earn Ph.D in 1920, relationship psyc. & religion
112
M- Clark
effects of race & racial prejudice on personal development -> segregation public school illegal
113
K. Clark
effects of race & racial prejudice on personal development -> segregation public school illegal
114
Calkins
one of first to overcome gender discrimination -> career psychology, paired-association technique from studying memory, self-psychology, president APA
115
Sanford
helped Calkins to establish lab at Wellesley
116
Heidbreder
concept formation, Seven Psychologies -> major systems
117
Thorndike
comparative psychologist, trial-error learning, law of effect, transfer training
118
Woodworth
transfer training and early personality test
119
Pavlov
digestion, reflexive salivary responses -> (un)conditioned responses, principle of classical conditioning -> fundaments of behaviorism
120
waston
primary promoter of behaviorism (psyc. Matter observable behavior -> prediction and control -> little albert
121
Rayner
research assistant (Watson) Little Albert
122
Bechetrev
conditioned responses in animals & humans -> influenced Watson conditioned emotional reaction
123
Jones
systematic desensitization as fear removal supervision watson
124
Tolman
experimental work rats’ mazes -> latent learning & cognitive maps -> purposive behaviorism
125
Hull
mathematically based mechanistic behaviorism
126
Skinner
behaviorist -> operant conditioning, application of reinforcement to education
127
Mesmer
animal magnetism to explain hypnosis -> mesmerism
128
Puységur
student Mesmer, inductrion to hypnosis -> discovery of many now standard hypnotic effects
129
Faria
priest ->lucid dream (hypno) rather suggestibility than power of hypnotist
130
Esdaile
rational emotive therapy (same time Beck cognitive)
131
Braid
confirmed Puységur & Faria research on mesmeric technique, named hypnotism -> scientific respectability
132
Bernheim
influenced by Liébeault (hypnotism), Nancy school, hypnotism suspect -> suggestibility
133
Charcot
theories hysteria, hypnotism -> false -> mainstream, Salpêtiere school mentor Freud (11)
134
Wittmann
patient Charcot -> Queen of hysteria
135
Delboeuf
supporter Nancy School, discomforted magnetic theories of Binet & Féré
136
Le Bon
behavior of crowds -> likening hypnosis
137
Henri
student/collaborator Binet, suggestibility children, program of individual psychology
138
Triplett
one of first controlled studies on social facilitation
139
F. Allport
founder experimental social psychology -> first doctoral dissertation, coedited jounal, textbook
140
Prince
founded J.of Ab. Psy., article on Freud, hired Allport expand journal
141
asch
Gestalt-orientated -> conformity & suggestibility
142
Festinger
studied with Lewin, developed theory of cognitive dissonance
143
Milgram
conformity and obedience 60s, shocks to confederate -> test willingness to obey authority
144
Zimbrdo
research obedience to authority, Stanford prison experiement
145
Loftus
reconstructive nature of memory -> false memory & eyewitness
146
Freud
thrapy & gerneral psychological theory -> psychoanalysis
147
Breuer
treated Pappenheim, collaborated on Studies of Hysteria freud
148
pappenheim
patient hysteria Breuer, cathartic metjod of treatment
149
Brentano
philosopher -> theory of act psychology & intentionality -> teacher Freud
150
Brücke
mechanistic psychologist (helm. & müller) -> freuds teacher medical school
151
Bauer
Freud Patient, transference in psychoanalysis
152
A. Freud
daughter F. early child psychoanalyst, development defense mechanism
153
Horney
feminist psychoanalyst -> disputed Freud on female superego, theory & therapy emphasizing social and culture rather than biology
154
Thompson
physician and psychoanalyst -> psychology of women, critic Freud (limited cultural context)
155
Klein
-> child psychoanalyst -> mother-infant relationship, foundation object relation theory
156
Erikson
child psychoanalyst -> expand Freud concept psychosexual stages -> psychosocial factors
157
Adler
psychotherapist, Freud follower (then no) -> Individual psych. Later – inferiority complex, social interest, importance of guiding fiction
158
jung
follower Freud, school analytic psychology, word-association test, inherited archetypes, theory of psy. types
159
Rosenzweig
study motivated forgetting (repression9, first exp. Investigation psychoanalytic concept
160
Binet
promoted hypnotism (Charcot), -> suggestibility in children, first successful intelligence test in children -> intellectual level or mental age
161
T. Simon
collaborated with Binet on first intelligence test
162
Spearman
notation of general intelligence (g) and two-factor theory of intelligence
163
Terman
introduced term IQ, Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale -> gifted children
164
Cox
Termans student, childhood biographies of geniuses -> would have high IQ now
165
Wechsler
WAIS -> adult IQ, like aged population deviance
166
Flynn
absolute intelligence increases -> Flynn effect
167
Piaget
genetic epistemology, stage theory of cognitive development -> qualitative differences in reasoning in each stage
168
Inhelder
Piaget student -> collaborator stage theory of cognitive development
169
Vygotsky
sociocultural theory of intellectual development, social origin of intelligence, potential growth with guidance
170
F. Allport
establisher of personality psychology (first doctoral dissertation, journal, textbook)
171
Stern
personalistic psychology -> individual gestalt-like concept -> influenced Allport, investigator children’s intelligence & introduced idea Intelligence quotient
172
R. Cattell
recruited by F. Allport. -> factor analysis -> 16 personality development
173
Mischel
person-situation controversy -> relative importance of traits opposed to situation
174
Murray
personological approach -> intense study small numbers individuals -> TAT
175
Morgan
collab Murray in developing TAT -> projective personality test
176
Mc Clelland
work on motivation -> achievement, affiliation, power -> measured by TAT
177
Pettigrew
student & collg. F. Allport -> prejudice -> expert social psych. Of race relations
178
Lindzey
collg. of F. Allport -> edited Handbook of Social Psych. & co-auth. Theories of personality
179
Maslow
self-actualization, hierarchy of needs of human moti. -> maj. founder of humanistic psyc.
180
Sheldon
Maslows teacher, behaviorist methodology in combi. Predisposing body types
181
harlow
primate researcher -> behavior monkeys & biological need of love -> Maslow supervisor
182
benedict
anthropologist -> culture was like personality in psychology -> influence on Maslow
183
Fromm
Escape to freedom -> importance of social and cultural factors -> shaping personality
184
Rogers
client-centered therapy ->collab Maslow -> humanistic psych. -> early practitioner psychotherapy and outcomes
185
May
existential psychotherapy -> quest for meaning of life, founder humanistic psychology
186
seligman
APA president -> promoted positive psychology movement
187
pascal
Pascaline -> one first mechanical calculators-> machines rational not emot. processes
188
Babbage
introduced Leibniz calc. in English math., difference engine -> complex problems -> hypothetical analytical engine -> any kind of calculation prototype computer
189
lovelace
promoted Babbage analytical engine -> Lovelace objection: computers only do what they are told to -> can’t be creative
190
boole
expanded definition of math -> Boolean algebra -> new field symboliclogic
191
Turing
Turing machine -> universal computer, turing test -> influenced development computer science & AI
192
Shannon
electrical switches (on/off) to represent binary code -> initiate information theory
193
newell
computer scientist, with Simon -> AI programs: LT & GPS
194
Simon
with Newell -> AI programs: LT & GPS
195
Searle
Chinese room -> challenge existence of strong AI, accepted weak AI though
196
Miller
maj. Founder cog. Psych. -> information theory language, promoted Chomsky, magical number 7, cofounder Harvard Center Cog. Science
197
Chomsky
innate grammatical sense -> influencing Miller, helped lay foundation cogn. Psych.
198
Bruner
new look on perception -> influence of motives & expectations on perception, studied concept formation, co-establisher Harvard Centre of Cognitive Studies, neo-piaget teaching program -> modes of representation
199
Bartlett
Remembering -> emphasize social, cultural & motivational factors -> shaping memories
200
Neisser
Cognitive Psychology -> textbook launching event for subdiscipline, research info processing, cognition, intelligence & memory
201
Münsterberg
student Wundt, brought to Harvard by James -> directed laboratory, -> development & promotion of applied psych.
202
taylor
theory of scientific management, influenced industrial psych. -> objective analysis workers & workplace
203
scott
psychology of advertising & headed Committee Classification of Personnel in army WW1
204
Marston
popularizer applied psych., promotor lie detector, Wonder woman
205
L. Gilbreth
-> industr./organ. Psych. -> Psych of Management, motion studies -> efficiency factory workers, consulted businesses
206
F. Gilbreth
engineer -> influenced by Taylor -> motion studies -> movements in work tasks -> the one best way
207
Bregman
personnel recruitment, selection, training, management & design -> Macy’s NYC
208
Bills
research employee selection -> Carnegie Institute of tech., studied factors affecting employee retention & wage incentive system
209
Mayo
Hawthorne studies -> importance of social situation at workplace, one of founders human relations movement
210
L. Hollingworth
pioneering studies psychology of women, programs gifted children, advocate higher degree training clinical psych -> professionalizing
211
H. Hollingworth
Coca-Cola company -> behavioral effects caffeine, psychology of advertising
212
wallin
concerned about lack of qualification & professionalism in clinical psychology
213
Harrower
exp. Psych. In Gestalt -> clinician, group Rorschach projective technique, first private practice in NYC
214
Rorschach
developed Rorschach projective technique -> inkblots perception -> emotional and neurological conditions
215
Shakow
studied schizophrenia -> tri3d objective study of therapy, scientist-practitioner model 49
216
Eysenbeck
PEN model, study demonstration ineffectiveness psychotherapy, no psychot. In clinical
217
Albee
critical of medical orientation of scientist-practitioner model -> social-learning and prevention orientated approach
218
Wolpe
behavior therapy -> based on classical conditioning
219
beck
cognitive therapy, correcting distorted thinking & irrational thoughts -> underlining disorders
220
Ellis
rational emotive therapy -> same time as Beck
221
Hathaway
developed Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) with McKinley
222
Meehl
work on MMPI for book on predictive superiority of statistical data over judgement
