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PHRM 825 Steroids Exam 2 > Pituitary > Flashcards

Pituitary Flashcards

1
Q

what hormones are produced by the hypothalamus?

A

GHRH, SST, TRH, CRH, GnRH

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2
Q

what hormones are produced by the pituitary gland?

A

GH, TSH, SCTH, FSH, LH

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3
Q

what hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary gland?

A

GH, TSH, SCTH, FSH, LH, ACTH

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4
Q

what hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary gland?

A

vasopressin and oxytocin

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5
Q

how is the synthesis of each hormone stimulated?

A
  1. female and male infertility
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6
Q

how is the synthesis of each hormone suppressed?

A
  1. endometriosis
  2. prostate cancer
  3. central precious puberty
  4. continuous treatment with GnRH agonist –> suppression of gonadotropin release
  5. controlled ovarian hyperstimulation
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7
Q

where is HGRH, SST –> GH produced?

A

peripheral tissues

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8
Q

where is TRH –> TSH produced?

A

thyroid

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9
Q

where is CRH –> ACTH produced?

A

adrenal cortex

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10
Q

where is GnRH –> FHS,LH produced?

A

gonads

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11
Q

what is GH (growth hormone)?

A
  1. it is a single-chain protein hormone
  2. it activates receptors associated with JAK/STAT pathway
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12
Q

what is THG,FSH,LH (thyroid stimulating hormones)?

A
  1. dimeric protein hormones sharing common alpha chain
  2. activate GPCRs
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13
Q

what is ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)?

A
  1. single chain peptide
  2. activates GPCR
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14
Q

what does FSH do in women?

A
  1. directs ovarian follicle development
  2. stimulates conversion of testosterone to estrogens
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15
Q

what does FSH do in men?

A
  1. regulates spermatogenesis
  2. stimulates the conversion of testosterone to estrogens
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16
Q

what does LH do in women?

A
  1. stimulate androgen production in the follicular phase
  2. controls estrogen and progesterone production in the luteal phase
17
Q

what does LH do in men?

A
  1. stimulate androgen production
18
Q

what is hCG?

A
  1. produced in placenta during pregnancy
  2. nearly identical to LH
  3. controls estrogen and progesterone production during pregnancy
19
Q

what is the structure of FSH, LH, and hCG?

A
  1. are all heterodimeric proteins
    – share same alpha-chain
    – distinct b-chain confers receptor specificity
    – beta chains of hCG and LH are identical
  2. administered subQ or IM inj
  3. HL: 10-40 hrs
20
Q

what are the preparations used clinically?

A
  1. menotropins
  2. urofollitropin
  3. follitropin a and b
  4. lutopin a
  5. hCG
  6. choriogonadotropin a
21
Q

describe menotropins?

A
  1. hMG (human menopausal gonadotropin)
  2. 1st commercial gonadotropin product
  3. extracted from postmenopausal women urine
  4. mix of FSh and LH
  5. lower potency than purified LSH or LH
22
Q

describe urofollitropin?

A
  1. uFSH
  2. FSH purified from urine of postmenopausal women
  3. LH activity removed during purification
23
Q

describe follitropin a and b?

A
  1. recombinant forms of FSH
  2. identical in aa sequence with FSH
  3. differ from each other and uFSH in carb chains
  4. more expensive than uFSH
24
Q

describe lutropin a?

A
  1. recomb form of LH
  2. d/c’d from market in 2012 in US
  3. approved combo use with follitropin a for stimulation of follicular development in infertile women with LH deficiency
25
Q

descrie hCG?

A
  1. extracted and purified from urine of prego women
26
Q

describe rhCG?

A
  1. recomb form of hCG
27
Q

what drugs are gonadotropins?

A
  1. menotropins
  2. urofollitropin
  3. follitroin a and b
  4. lutropin a
  5. hCG
  6. rhCH
28
Q

what drugs are GnRH agonists?

A
  1. gonadorelin
  2. goserelin
  3. histrelin
  4. leuprolide
  5. nafarelin
  6. tritorelin
29
Q

what drugs are GnRH antagonists?

A
  1. ganirelix
  2. cetrorelix
  3. abarelix
  4. degarelix
30
Q

describe how female infertility leads to stimulation or how it can be stimulated?

A
  1. injected IV in pulsatile fashion using battery powered pump
  2. less likely to cause multiple pregnancies/ ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
  3. not used due to inconvenience/cost
31
Q

describe how male infertility leads to stimulation or how it can be stimulated?

A
  1. men with hypothalamic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
  2. pulsatile inj. using portable pump
  3. treatment with hCG/hMG more favored
32
Q

describe controlled ovarian hyperstimulation in suppression?

A
  1. suppression of endogenous LH surge that could cause premature ovulation
  2. daily subQ inj of leuprolide or daily nasal app of nafarelin
33
Q

describe endometriosis in suppression?

A

suppression of gonadotropin release –> suppression of ovaries –> reduced production of estrogen/progesterone

34
Q

describe prostate cancer in suppression?

A

combo with androgen receptor antagonist –> reduction of testosterone levels/effects

35
Q

what are GnRH’s analogs?

A
  1. goserelin, histerelin, leuprolide, nafarelin, triptorelin
  2. D-aa @ position 6
  3. ethylamide sub for glycine @ position 10
  4. more potent/ longer acting than GnRH/gonadorelin
36
Q

describe the use of pulsatile secretion of GnRH?

A

stimulate production/release of LH&FSH only when secretion is pulsatile

37
Q

why do we use continuous admins of GnRH?

A
  1. to prevent premature endogenous surge of LH and these effects can be blocked by this receptor GnRH antagonist
  2. suppress the release of early surge
38
Q

what happens if we use GnRH and its analog in pulsatile secretion?

A

in pulsatile use of both GnRH and its analog, the secretion of GnRH is mimicked (via IV Q1–4h)

39
Q

what happens when we have nonpulsatile administration of either GnRH or its analog?

A

it inhibits the release of FSH & LH in both women and men resulting in hypogonadism , which is not good

PHRM 825 Steroids Exam 2 (8 decks)

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