Pituitary and Adrenal Ch 65

Question 1

What will you want to protect a patient with Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) deficiency from?

Answer 1

Dehydration

Question 2

Organs of the Endocrine System

Answer 2

Hypothalamus, Pituitary Gland, Thyroid, Parathyroids, Pancreas (islets of Langerhans), Adrenal glands, and Gonads (Ovaries and Testes)

Question 3

Definition of hormones

Answer 3

Natural chemicals that exert their effects on specific tissues known as target tissues.

Question 4

Disorders of the endocrine system are typically related to

Answer 4

An excess of a specific hormone
A deficiency of a specific hormone
A receptor defect

Question 5

Hormone synthesis typically occurs in what type of feedback system

Answer 5

A negative feedback system, so if the body is deficient in a something a hormone is then released to correct the deficiency and once the deficiency is corrected the hormone is no longer synthesized.

Question 6

List the steps to hormone secretion.

Answer 6

1. The CNS receives and reacts to a sensory input by transmitting to the hypothalamus a stimuli.
2. The hypothalamus responds to stimulus by producing and releasing either a releasing or inhibiting factor to the pituitary gland.
3. In the pituitary gland, the releasing or inhibiting factors either stimulate or inhibit the release of specific hormones.
4. The anterior pituitary hormones then direct the secretion of hormones in other endocrine glands. The target tissues then receive the hormones and react to them. This results in a change in function.

Question 7

Define Tropic Hormones

Answer 7

Hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands.

Question 8

Where do corticosteroids originate from?

Answer 8

The cortex of adrenal glands

Question 9

What is the major mineralcorticoid that maintains extracellular volume?

Answer 9

Aldosterone

Question 10

What does Aldosterone do?

Answer 10

It promotes sodium and water reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidney tubules.

Question 11

Aldosterone is regulated by what system?

Answer 11

The Renin-Angiotensin System

Question 12

How does Aldosterone work?

Answer 12

It causes the kidney to reabsorb sodium and water to bring the plasma volume and osmolarity back to normal. It also enhances kidney excretion of potassium.

Question 13

The main gluccocorticoid produced in the adrenal cortex

Answer 13

Cortisol

Question 14

What does cortisol affect?

Answer 14

• Carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
• Body’s response to stress
• Emotional stability
• Immune function

Question 15

What are the two main layer of the adrenal gland?

Answer 15

Medulla (innermost)

Cortex (outer)

Question 16

Hormones secreted by Posterior Pituitary Gland

Answer 16

Vasopressin (aka Antidiuretic Hormone ADH) and Oxytocin

Question 17

Manifestations of Growth Hormone Deficiency

Answer 17

Decreased bone density
Pathologic Fractures
Decreased muscle strength
Increased serum cholesterol levels

Question 18

Manifestations of Gonadotropin Deficiency in Women

Answer 18

Amenorrhea
Anovulation
Low estrogen levels
Breast atrophy
Loss of bone density
Decreased axillary and pubic hair
Decreased libido

Question 19

Manifestations of Gonadotropin Deficiency in Men

Answer 19

Decreased facial hair
Decreased ejaculate volume
Reduced muscle mass
Loss of bone density
Decreased body hair
Decreased libido
Impotence

Question 20

Manifestations of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) deficiency

Answer 20

Decrease in thyroid hormone levels
Weight gain
Intolerance to cold
Scalp alopecia
Hirsutism
Menstrual abnormalities
Decreased libido
Slowed cognition
Lethargy

Question 21

Manifestations of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency

Answer 21

Decreased serum cortisol levels
Pale, sallow complexion
Malaise and lethargy
Anorexia
Postural hypotension
Headache
Hypoglycemia
Hyponatremia
Decreased axillary and pubic hair (women)

Question 22

Manifestations of Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone [ADH]) deficiency

Answer 22

With Diabetes Insipidus:

• greatly increased urine output
• low urine specific gravity (<1.005)
• hypovolemia: hypotension and dehydration
• increased plasma osmplarity
• increased thirst
• output does not decrease when fluid intake decreases