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endocrinology anatomy > Pituitary Gland > Flashcards

Pituitary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

List all the major endocrine glands

A 
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Parathyroid gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal gland
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
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2
Q

What is the role of the cerebrum?

A

Anterior part of the brain that controls voluntary activity in the body

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3
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

Posterior part of the brain that coordinates and regulates muscle activity

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4
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

Central core of the cerebrum and connects hypothalamus to the midbrain

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5
Q

List the parts of the brainstem in order

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata

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6
Q

What structure connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

A

Infundibulum/ pituitary stock

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7
Q

Which bone is the pituitary gland located within?

A

Pituitary fossa of the sphenoid bone

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8
Q

The pituitary gland lies within the…

A

Sella turcica

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9
Q

The nasal retina supplies visual information from the ____ visual field

A

Temporal

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10
Q

The temporal retina supplies visual information from the ____ visual field

A

Nasal

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11
Q

Outline the visual pathway from the retina to the occipital lobe

A 
Optic nerves
Optic chiasm
Optic tracts
Thalamus
Optic radiation
Visual cortex of occipital lobes
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12
Q

The optic chiasm is located inferior to the ______

A

Pituitary gland

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13
Q

A pituitary tumour compresses what part of the visual pathway?

A

Optic chiasm

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14
Q

Name the visual field defect that arises from compression of the optic chiasm

A

Bitemporal haemanopia

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15
Q

Describe the mechanism behind bitemporal haemanopia

A

Transmission of AP from nasal retina is disrupted bilaterally
Lose ability to see structures in temporal side of visual field ONLY bilaterally

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16
Q

Name the two main surgical approaches to the pituitary gland

A

Transcranial subfrontal

Transphenoidal

17
Q

Through which Le Forte fracture can the pituitary gland be accessed from?

A

Intranasal via Le Forte fracture 1 (surgical fracture of nasal septum and floor and roof of sphenoid sinuses)

18
Q

What structure forms the superior part of the nasal septum?

A

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

19
Q

What structure forms the middle part of the nasal septum?

A

Vomer

20
Q

What structure forms the roof of the nasal cavity?

A

Cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

21
Q

Name the three nasal conchae. Which conchae are part of the ethmoid bone?

A

Superior, middle, inferior

Superior and middle, inferior is it’s own bone

22
Q

What is meant by ‘paranasal sinus’

A

Air-filled space within a bone surrounding the nasal cavity

23
Q

List the types of paranasal sinuses and their location

A

Frontal (right and left on frontal bone)
Maxillary (right and left, line each antrum)
Ethmoid air cells (3 groups between nasal cavity and orbit)
Sphenoid (connect in midline)

24
Q

What type of epithelium lines paranasal sinuses?

A

Mucous-secreting respiratory epithelium

25
Q

List the functions of the paranasal sinuses

A

Drain mucous into the nasal cavity via ostia
Reduce skull weight
Voice resonance

26
Q

Which foramen do vertebral arteries pass through?

A

Foramen magnum

27
Q

Define ‘Circle of Willis’

A

Anastomosis of internal carotid and vertebral arteries around optic chiasm and infundibulum

28
Q

Define ‘tentorium cerebelli’

A

Tough sheet of dura over posterior cranial fossa

29
Q

Define ‘diaphragm sellae’

A

Tough sheet of dura over pituitary fossa

30
Q

What are the dural venous sinuses? What do they drain into, and where do they drain?

A

Venous channels within dura matter that drain blood from cranial vault into the internal jugular vein at the jugular foramen in floor of posterior cranial fossa

31
Q

What structure do the cavernous sinuses surround?

A

Pituitary glands

32
Q

List the structures located WITHIN the cavernous sinuses

A 
Internal carotid arteries
CN III
CN IV
CN V1, V2
CN VI
33
Q

List the structures located in the LATERAL WALL of the cavernous sinuses

A

Internal carotid arteries

CN VI

34
Q

What is the function of the intercavernous sinuses?

A

Anterior and posterior sinuses that connect the right and left cavernous sinuses anteriorly to the pituitary gland

35
Q

List the structures at risk during pituitary gland surgery

A 
Oculomotor nerve
Trochlear nerve
Trigeminal nerve
Abducent nerve
Optic chiasm
Cavernous sinus
Internal carotid artery
Dura matter
36
Q

What intracranial event can occur due to damage to the cavernous sinuses?

A

Ventricular haemorrhage

37
Q

What fluid from inside the brain can leak due to damage to the dura matter?

A

CSF

endocrinology anatomy (4 decks)

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