Pizzotti Sexuality 1 - parinaz

Question 1

What are all seven parts of the vulva?

Answer 1

Mons pubis, Labia majora, Labia minora, Clitoris, Vestibules, Skene’s glands, Bartholin’s gland

Question 2

Which two glands are located in the vulva?

Answer 2

Skene’s glands, Bartholin’s glands

Question 3

What are the three external parts of the Male reproductive organ?

Answer 3

Penis (Glans and shaft), Meatus, Scrotum

Question 4

What are the two parts of the Penis?

Answer 4

Glans and shaft

Question 5

What are the five internal parts of the Male reproductive organ?

Answer 5

Testes (including the Spermatic cord), Epididymis, Urethra, Vas deferens, Prostate gland

Question 6

What are the four steps of a female reproductive system assessment?

Answer 6

Before the pelvic and breast examination ask the pt to empty her bladder and undress completely. Drape the pt and only uncover the portion you are examining. Includes the breast, cardiovascular system and abdomen. Inspect the female genitalia last during the head to toe assessment

Question 7

What are the three items to consider during the male reproductive system assessment?

Answer 7

Men are often embarrassed and anxious when the reproductive system is assessed. If an erection occurs during the exam remind the patient that it is normal. Explain each step of the procedure before it is performed.

Question 8

How often should women have a Pap smear?

Answer 8

Begining at 21 years of age every 3 years. During 30 to 65 years of age include a HPV test every 5 years. In case of history of cervical cancer every year for 20 years. Every year if sexually active

Question 9

What three things should women avoid doing prior to Pap smear?

Answer 9

Don’t douche, use vaginal medications or deodorants, or have sex for at least 24 hours before the test

Question 10

When is the best time to schedule a Pap smear?

Answer 10

Should be scheduled between the patient’s menstrual cycle

Question 11

How often should women between the ages of 21 and 29 get a Pap smear test?

Answer 11

Every three years

Question 12

What can an HPV test identify?

Answer 12

Many high-risk types of HPV infections associated with the development of cervical cancer

Question 13

When should women get tested for HPV?

Answer 13

At the time of a Pap for women over 30

Question 14

What is a cervical biopsy?

Answer 14

It is when cervical tissue is removed for cytological studies

Question 15

What are the four things a patient should be attentive of after a cervical biopsy?

Answer 15

Promptly report any bleeding more than normal menstrual bleeding. Report signs of infection: increased pain, foul smelling drainage. Do not douche, use tampons, or have intercourse for two weeks. Keep the perineum clean and dry by using antiseptic rinses and changing pads frequently

Question 16

What does PSA stand for and what is it?

Answer 16

It is a prostate specific antigen test which is used to screen for prostate cancer and to monitor the disease after the treatment.

Question 17

What is the normal range for PSA test?

Answer 17

0 to 2.5

Question 18

What does a Mammogram determine?

Answer 18

Risk for breast cancer

Question 19

What technically is a Mammogram and what type of tissue is it assessing?

Answer 19

It is an Xray of the soft tissue of the breast.

Question 20

What types of differences does a Mammogram specifically assess?

Answer 20

The differences in the density of breast tissue

Question 21

What are the four benign breast disorders?

Answer 21

Fibroadenoma (most commonly found in younger women). FBC aka Fibrocystic Breast Changes. Ductal ectasia. Intraductal papilloma (Fibroid / lump in a duct)

Question 22

What is the most common benign tumor in women during reproductive years?

Answer 22

Fibroadenoma

Question 23

Is the mass of connective tissue of fibroadenoma attached or unattached to surrounding breast tissue?

Answer 23

It is unattached

Question 24

Name three characteristics of Fibroadenoma tumors

Answer 24

Tumors are oval, freely movable, rubbery

Question 25

Which 3 parts of the breast may be involved in fibrocystic changes of the breast?

Answer 25

Lobules, ducts and stromal tissues

Question 26

Fibrocystic Breast Condition is common in women of which age?

Answer 26

In premenopausal women between 20 and 50 years of age

Question 27

What type of hormonal Imbalance will cause Fibrocystic Breast Condition?

Answer 27

An Imbalance in the normal estrogen to progesterone ratio

Question 28

What are the three symptoms of Fibrocystic Breast Condition?

Answer 28

Breast pain, Tender lumps, Swelling (often before menstrual period)

Question 29

Describe the breast tissue (two main features you assess) in FBC (Fibrocystic Breast Condition)?

Answer 29

Fibrosis and Cysts

Question 30

What is Fibrosis?

Answer 30

Fibrosis is made up of connective tissues and is hard and firm

Question 31

What are cysts?

Answer 31

Cysts are fluid filled glandular cells

Question 32

Name seven medical management strategies for Fibrocystic Breast Condition

Answer 32

Analgesics, Limit salt intake before menses, Wear supportive bra at all times, Ice or heat may help, Reduce or eliminate caffeine, Reduce dairy products, Give diuretics

Question 33

What is ductal ectasia?

Answer 33

Benign breast problem of women approaching menopause

Question 34

What causes ductal ectasia?

Answer 34

dilation and thickening of collecting ducts in subareolar area

Question 35

What are three characteristics of ductal ectasia?

Answer 35

Hard mass, Irregular borders, Tender

Question 36

What are the four main symptoms of ductal ectasia?

Answer 36

greenish to brown nipple discharge, enlarged axillary nodes, redness, edema over mass

Question 37

Intraductal papilloma most often occurrence age in women

Answer 37

women 40 to 55 years of age

Question 38

What is intraductal papilloma?

Answer 38

Benign process in epithelial lining of duct

Question 39

What are the two types of nipple discharge in intraductal papilloma?

Answer 39

bloody or serous

Question 40

What is gynecomastia?

Answer 40

It is usually a benign condition of breast enlargement in men

Question 41

What can be a reason for gynecomastia in men?

Answer 41

It can be a result of a primary cancer

Question 42

Which two primary cancers can cause gynecomastia?

Answer 42

lung cancer and testicular cancer

Question 43

What are the two most important causes of gynecomastia?

Answer 43

Drugs, Underlying disease that is causing an excess of estrogen

Question 44

What is the cause of breast cancer?

Answer 44

There is no single known cause for breast cancer

Question 45

Does cancer of the breast begin with a single transformed cell that grows and multiplies in the epithelial cells that line one or more of the mammary ducts or lobules?

Answer 45

Yes

Question 46

What are two broad categories of breast cancer?

Answer 46

noninvasive and invasive

Question 47

When the breast cancer is noninvasive?

Answer 47

As long as the cancer remains within the duct

Question 48

When the breast cancer is classified as invasive?

Answer 48

When it penetrates the tissue surrounding the duct.

Question 49

When does metastasis in breast cancer occur?

Answer 49

Metastasis occurs when cancer cells leave the breast via the blood and lymph systems, which permits the spread of these cells to distant sites.

Question 50

In breast cancer what are the four most common sites of metastasis?

Answer 50

bone, lung, brain, and liver

Question 51

Which two types of breast cancers are harder to treat?

Answer 51

Estrogen and progesterone receptor-negative cancers

Question 52

Why are Estrogen and progesterone receptor-negative cancers harder to treat?

Answer 52

Because the drug choices and treatment options are limited as they will not affect the cancer.

Question 53

What are HER2 receptors?

Answer 53

Human Epithelial Receptors

Question 54

What are the two signs in the late stages of breast cancer?

Answer 54

Dimpling may occur due to shortening of Cooper's ligaments, Peau d'orange is visible with edema of the breast

Question 55

Why at the late stages of breast cancer dimpling may occur?

Answer 55

Due to shortening of Cooper's ligaments

Question 56

During the late stages of breast cancer, dimpling is caused by which phenomenon?

Answer 56

By "Fibrosis" which is the replacement of normal cells with connective tissue and collagen

Question 57

Regarding the topic of screening for breast cancer, what are two negative features of dense breasts?

Answer 57

Harder to screen, Cancer is often not caught until later

Question 58

What are the two NONinvasive forms of breast cancers?

Answer 58

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and Lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)

Question 59

What happens if Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is left untreated?

Answer 59

DCIS will become invasive and spread into the breast tissue surrounding the ducts over a period of 10 years.

Question 60

Can we determine which DCIS lesions will progress to invasive cancer?

Answer 60

No: Currently there is no way to determine this

Question 61

What does the uncertainty of DCIS lesions cause in women?

Answer 61

anxiety and decisional conflict

Question 62

What is lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)?

Answer 62

Abnormal cell growth in the lobules

Question 63

In lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) which glands of the breast are affected?

Answer 63

Milk producing glands

Question 64

Is lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) a true cancer?

Answer 64

It is not a true cancer, but having LCIS increases one's risk for developing separate breast cancer later.

Question 65

What are the two prophylactic treatment options for lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)?

Answer 65

Tamoxifen, Prophylactic mastectomy

Question 66

What are the two invasive forms of breast cancer?

Answer 66

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma, Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC)

Question 67

What is the most common type of invasive breast cancer?

Answer 67

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma

Question 68

Where does infiltrating ductal carcinoma originate?

Answer 68

The disease originates in the mammary ducts and grows in the epithelial cells lining these ducts.

Question 69

What are two characteristics of the lump found in infiltrating ductal carcinoma?

Answer 69

It is Irregular, It has poorly defined mass

Question 70

What is the name of the process that occurs when a tumor grows in infiltrating ductal carcinoma?

Answer 70

Fibrosis (replacement of normal cells with connective tissue and collagen) develops around the cancer.

Question 71

What happens as a result of fibrosis in infiltrating ductal carcinoma?

Answer 71

Shortening of Cooper's ligaments

Question 72

What three skin changes occur during the advanced stages of infiltrating ductal carcinoma?

Answer 72

Typical skin dimpling, Edematous thickening, Pitting of breast skin called peau d'orange (orange peel skin)

Question 73

Which type of breast cancer is rare but highly aggressive?

Answer 73

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC)

Question 74

What are the three symptoms of inflammatory breast cancer (IBC)?

Answer 74

Swelling, Skin redness and Pain in the breasts

Question 75

Are there any lumps in the breasts in inflammatory breast cancer (IBC)?

Answer 75

No usually no lumps. IBC seldom presents as a palpable lump

Question 76

What is the percentage of breast cancer in men?

Answer 76

less than 1% occurance in men

Question 77

As a Screening tool how effective is a monthly self-breast examination (BSE) is effective?

Answer 77

It is less emphasized as a screening tool today than it was in the past

Question 78

Why it is recommended for women to do monthly self-breast examination (BSE)?

Answer 78

To increase breast self awareness

Question 79

What are the two options for women with high risk of breast cancer?

Answer 79

Option 1:Annual breast MRI screening

Question 80

What is the risk of prophylactic mastectomy for women?

Answer 80

There is a small risk that breast cancer will develop in residual breast glandular tissue because no mastectomy reliably removes all mammary tissue.