PJM Flashcards
(252 cards)
1
Q
Transmission Owners are required to provide notice of all transmission
outages:
A
Prior to the first day of the month, preceding the month of the outage
2
Q
Provide notice of all hotline transmission work, five days or less, by 0800 three days prior to the start of the outage (345kV and above)
Starting March 16th. When does it need submitted by to be on time?
A
Hotline work starting on March 16th must be submitted by
07:59 on March 13th to be on time
3
Q
1-Month Rule: Transmission Owners are required to Provide notice of all transmission outages, five days or less, prior to the
first day of the month preceding the month of the outage.
5 Day outage starting in June, when must it be submitted to be on time?
A
A 5-day outage starting in June must be submitted by
23:59 on April 31 to be on time
4
Q
6-Month Rule: The TO is required to Submit all outage requests in excess of 5 days in duration, prior to the 1st of the
month, six months in advance of the start of the outage.
6 Day outage starting in October, when must it be submitted to be on time?
A
6-day outage begins in October, the outage must be submitted by 23:59
on March 31 to be on time
5
Q
30-Day Rule: Outages scheduled for the following Planning year (i.e. June 1 – May 31), exceeding 30 days Submitted via eDART prior to February 1 for use in the annual FTR auction,
unless the 6-month rule is more restrictive.
An outage greater than 30 days starts in September. It must be submitted by:
A
6-month rule: Must be submitted by February 29 @ 23:59
30-day rule: Must be submitted by January 31 @ 23:59
‒ Since the 30-day rule is more conservative, it applies
6
Q
An outage greater than 30 days starts in July. It must be submitted by?
A
6 month rule: December 31 of the year prior @ 2359
30 day rule: January 31 @ 2359
‒ Since the 6 month rule is more conservative, it applies
7
Q
eDART:
Creating a New Transmission Outage Ticket - Business Rules
Ticket must be submitted a minimum how many days in advance of start date?
A
3 Business days. Unless Emergency
Emergency: Outage due to equipment problem or tripping and must be
taken immediately
‒ 3 day notice NOT required for emergency job
8
Q
eDART: Vegetation Trip
If outage was a tripping caused by tree contact, this
checkbox must be checked. What else needs to be reported?
A
Needs to be reported to NERC
9
Q
eDART: Color Coding
Congestion Expected Flag
A
RED
PJM will check this flag
when a studied outage
causes the potential for
off-cost operation
10
Q
eDART: Color Coding
Conflict Flag
A
Orange
If an outage is submitted violating a scenario, immediate feedback on impacted previously submitted tickets will be provided.
11
Q
eDART: Color Coding
EMS Tripping Tickets
A
Yellow
Tripped equipment (from PJM EMS) automatically creates an eDART outage ticket.
All equipment 115kV and above.
12
Q
eDART: Color Coding
“System Impact” Flag
A
Magenta
Allows the reliability engineers to pre-screen outages based on known impacts to
generation, thermal overloads, voltage violations, stability restrictions, etc.
before studying the outage.
13
Q
eDART: Color Coding
Potentially Incomplete Flag
A
Lavendar / Light Purple
Added to transmission outage tickets to flag tickets that may need further
review by PJM
14
Q
eDART: Color Coding
Soon to be In-Service Flag
A
Mint Green
To be Put in Service Soon
15
Q
eDART: Color Coding
Soon to be Retired Flag
A
Blue
To be retired from system soon
16
Q
What type of system is where current lags voltage?
A
Inductive
17
Q
What type of Configuration uses a neutral connection?
A
Delta-Wye
18
Q
What type of communications must you have at the primary and back-up control centers?
A
Satellite Phones
19
Q
What is the maximum amount of time allowed to transfer from the primary control center to the back-up control center?
A
2 Hours
20
Q
If the operator loses communication from the system for longer than 30 minutes, what is the maximum amount of time the operator must notify PJM of the communication loss?
A
60 minutes
21
Q
If communication from the system is down, how often must the operator update PJM?
A
30 minutes
22
Q
How long do you have to preform an IROL Load Dump Action?
A
5 Minutes
23
Q
A Relays ability to see all the faults within its zones is best described as?
A
Sensitivity
24
Q
You are in system restoration and have black start capability throughout your region and have received word that your neighboring utility also was affected but they remained party connected but their system is unstable. What system restoration method should you use?
A
Bottom Up
25
If a transmission outage will last more than 5 days, when must the outage ticket request be submitted?
6 months prior to the outage
26
What is the normal operating Frequency?
59.75-61 Hz
27
What happens to the current and voltage flow when there is a fault?
Current Flow increases, voltage flow Decreases
28
Black Start Unit Requirements, what percentage is required for black start units?
110%
29
During Restoration, operate so that reasonable voltage profiles are maintained. What are the percentages that are considered normal during restoration?
90-105% nominal
30
Shunt capacitors are removed until sufficient load has been restored to prevent high voltage. What is the percent of load that is considered sufficient?
40%
31
To restore system frequency 1 hz, what is the percentage of load that needs to be shed?
6-10%
32
Do not restore blocks of load that exceed ___ of the total synchronized generating capability.
5%
33
Dynamic Reserve Rule of thumb for generation:
Steam = ?
CT = ?
Hydro = ?
steam is 5%
CT is 25%
Hydro is 15 %
34
When does PJM issue a EEA 1?
Max Gen. Emergency Alert
35
When does PJM issue EEA 2?
Emergency Mandatory Load Management Reductions Action, a Voltage Reduction Action, or a Deploy All Resources Action (which ever issued first)
36
When does PJM issue EEA3?
Manual Load Dump Action
37
Conditions which may trigger PJM to implement Conservative Ops are?
Fuel Delivery issues, forest or brush fires, Enviromental Alerts, Bad Weather, GMDs, High Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse, Terrorism or sabotage, actual attacks, and PJM entering "unknown" state
38
If the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) issues a
warning or an alert for a potential geo-magnetic storm of severity K7 or
greater, PJM will?
provide notification via the All-Call system and Emergency
Procedure Posting Application
39
Cold Weather Alert Trigger
When the forecasted weather conditions approach
minimum or actual temperatures for a Control Zone
fall near or below 10 degrees Fahrenheit
AND/OR
‒ At higher temperatures if increased winds are anticipated
AND/OR
‒ Expected spot market gas curtailments during load pick-up periods
40
Hot Weather Alert Trigger
Trigger: When the forecasted maximum or actual temperature for a
Transmission zone is at or above 90 degrees* Fahrenheit, with high
humidity, for multiple days
41
Magenta eDART flag:
ticket listed as Unavailable and SE MVAR is not 0
Condition:
Whenever eDART identifies a facility as unavailable, but the PJM EMS SE MVAR output which would indicate that the facility is in-service
42
Orange eDART Flag
Mismatch between eDART AVR and EMS AVR
Conditions:
Whenever an eDART AVR ticket exists, but the PJM EMS has the AVR in AUTO (automatic) mode.
Whenever no eDART AVR ticket exists, but the PJM EMS has the AVR in Manual mode.
43
Yellow eDART Flag
Future or Retired Equipment
Conditions:
Whenever a facility is marked as retired in the eDART database.
Whenever a facility is marked as future in the eDART database
44
Unit Start Up Notification Alert Trigger
When a reliability assessment determines that long lead time generation is
needed for a future period
45
Max Gen / Load Management Alert Trigger
Operating Reserve Requirement* is greater
than scheduled Operating Reserve
46
Primary Reserve Alert Trigger
When the estimated operating
reserve is less than the forecasted
primary reserve requirement.
47
Voltage Reduction Alert Trigger
When the estimated operating reserve capacity
is less than the forecasted synchronized reserve
requirement
48
Primary Reserve Warning Trigger
Primary Reserve is less than Primary Reserve Requirement but greater than
Synchronized Reserve Requirement
49
Voltage Reduction Warning Trigger
Synchronized Reserves are less than the Synchronized Reserve Requirement and present
operations may require a voltage reduction
50
Manual Load Dump Warning Trigger
When the Primary Reserve is less than the largest operating generating unit, or the loss of a transmission
facility jeopardizes reliability after all possible measures have been taken to increase reserves.
51
Manual Load Dump Warning & Curtailment of non-essential building load Trigger
In anticipation or activation of Voltage Reduction Action
52
Maximum Generation Emergency Action Trigger
Real-time Generation is needed to meet the load demand that is greater than the highest incremental cost level
53
Emergency Voluntary Energy Only Demand Response Reduction Action Trigger
Additional load relief is still needed
54
Deploy All Resources Action Trigger
When unplanned events such as the loss of a transmission or generating facility have resulted in reliable
operations being jeopardized
55
Voltage Reduction Action Trigger
Load relief still needed to maintain ties
56
Manual Load Dump Action Trigger
To shed firm load When the PJM RTO cannot provide adequate capacity
57
If High Voltage limit is exceeded, post contingency, what can you do, to return the line below limit and how long do you have?
Use all effective non-cost actions, return line below limits within 30 minutes.
58
If Emergency Low Voltage limit is exceeded, post contingency, what can you do to return the line safe limit and how long do you have?
Use all effective non-cost actions, off-cost actions, and emergency procedures except load dump, within 15 minutes, load shed is not used.
59
If Load Dump Low voltage limit is exceeded, post contingency how long do you have?
5 minutes.
60
If ACTUAL High voltage limits are exceeded, what can you do to return the line to a safe limit and how long do you have?
Use all effective non-cost and off-cost actions, and within 15 minutes
61
If ACTUAL Normal low limits are exceeded, what can you do to return the line to a safe limit and how long do you have?
Use all effective non-cost actions, off-cost actions, and emergency procedures except load dump, within 15 minutes, load shed is not used.
62
If ACTUAL Emergency Low limits are exceeded, what can you do to return the line to a safe limit and how long do you have?
Use all effective non-cost actions, off-cost actions, emergency procedures, and load shed directive if voltages are decaying, within 5 minutes.
63
If ACTUAL Load Dump Low limits are exceeded, what can you do to return the line to a safe limit and how long do you have?
Use all effective non-cost actions, off-cost actions, emergency procedures, and Load Shed directive if analysis indicates potential for voltage collapse, **immediate response**
64
If ACTUAL Pre-Contingency Transfer limits are exceeded, what can you do to return the line to a safe limit and how long do you have?
Use all effective non-cost actions, off-cost actions, emergency procedures, and Load Shed directive if analysis indicates potential for voltage collapse, 15 minutes or less depending on the severity.
65
Transmission Line Charging
500 kV Line. What is the charging MVAR/Mile?
1.70
66
Transmission Line Charging
345 kV Line. What is the charging MVAR/Mile?
0.800
67
Transmission Line Charging
230 kV Line. What is the charging MVAR/Mile?
0.300
68
Transmission Line Charging
115/138 kV Line. What is the charging MVAR/Mile?
0.100
69
If ACTUAL Normal Rating thermal limits are exceeded, what can you do to return the line to a safe limit and how long do you have?
Non-cost actions, off-cost actions, and emergency procedures except load shed directive, within 15 minutes of exceedance, load shed is not used.
70
If ACTUAL Emergency Rating thermal limits are exceeded, what can you do to return the line to a safe limit and how long do you have?
Non-cost actions, off-cost actions, emergency procedures, and load shed directive to control flow below emergency rating, within 15 minutes of exceedance.
71
If ACTUAL Load Dump Rating thermal limits are exceeded, what can you do to return the line to a safe limit and how long do you have?
Non-cost actions, off-cost actions, emergency procedures, and load shed directive to control flow below emergency rating, within 5 minutes of exceedance.
72
If POST CONTINGENCY Normal rating thermal limits are exceeded, what can you do to return the line to a safe limit and how long do you have?
Trend - Continue to monitor. Take non-cost actions to prevent contingency from exceeding emergency limit. Time to correct, N/A
73
If POST CONTINGENCY Emergency rating thermal limits are exceeded, what can you do to return the line to a safe limit and how long do you have?
Use all effective actions and emergency procedures except load shed directive, within 30 minutes.
74
If POST CONTINGENCY Load Dump rating thermal limits are exceeded, what can you do to return the line to a safe limit and how long do you have?
Use all effective actions and emergency procedures, including load shed directive if analysis indicates potential for post-contingency cascading, **30 Minutes**
75
For the loss of a line flowing towards the station the other lines flowing towards station will increase while the lines flowing out of the station do what?
Lines flowing out of the station will decrease
76
For the loss of a line flowing out of the station, the other lines flowing out of the station will increase while the lines flowing towards the station will do what?
Lines flowing towards the station will decrease
77
What is the name of the relay # 21?
Distance Relay
78
What is the name of the relay # 25?
Synchronizing or Sync check
79
What is the name of the relay # 27?
Under Voltage Relay
80
What is the name of the relay # 32?
Directional Power Relay
81
What is the name of the relay # 40?
Field (over/under Excitation) Relay
82
What is the name of the relay # 50?
Instantaneous Overcurrent relay
83
What is the name of the relay # 51?
AC Time Overcurrent Relay
84
What is the name of the relay # 59?
Overvoltage Relay
85
What is the name of the relay # 67?
AC Directional Overcurrent Relay
86
What is the name of the relay # 86?
Lockout Relay
87
What is the name of the relay # 87?
Differential Protective Relay
88
When available primary reserve capacity on a system is less than the largest operating generator, or the loss of a transmission facility jeopardizes reliable operations, PJM should issue a?
Manual Load Dump Warning
89
During system restoration, one means of keeping frequency above 59.5 is to activate what?
Synchronized Reserves
90
Companies can request info on outages of facilities that they do not own but affect their system. Which mechanism would they use to request this information?
eDART
91
During a system restoration how often should a member transmission company file an updated restoration report?
Every 30 minutes or after 10 lines restored
92
The ability of a generator or a group of generators to remain in synchronism immediately following a sudden, large system disturbance defines:
Transient Stability
93
Operation at a load dump rating should not result in any facility tripping when actually loaded at that value for at least how many minutes?
15 minutes
94
You wish to schedule a 45-day transmission outage starting November 24th. By what date must the outage be submitted to be considered on time?
January 31st
95
Isochronous Control refers to a governor droop setting of?
0%
96
When an alarm indicates the 138kV voltage has fallen below the emergency low limit, TSO should take action within ___ Minutes?
5 Minutes
97
What is TERM?
Transmission Equipment Ratings Monitor
98
Any adjustment to facility ratings, such as the temporary use of a different rating, must be approved by PJM. These changes must be submitted to PJM through what?
TERM
99
All transmission outages will be posted on?
OASIS
100
Synchronized Reserve Reliability requirement is?
Largest Single Contingency
101
Primary Reserve Reliability Requirement is?
150% of synchronized reserve
102
When does PJM issue an Advisory?
one or more days in advance of the operating day. General in nature and for elevated awareness only, no preparations required.
103
When does PJM issue an Alert?
issued one or more days in advance of the operating day for elevated awareness and to give time for advanced preparations
104
When does PJM issue a Warning?
issued in real-time, typically preceding, and with an estimated time/window for a potential future action.
105
When does PJM issue an Action?
issued in real-time and requires PJM and/or Member Response
106
What is the purpose of the Maximum Generation Emergency/ Load Management Alert?
To provide an early alert that system conditions may require the use of the PJM emergency procedures. It is
implemented when Maximum Emergency generation is called into the operating capacity or if
Demand Response is projected to be implemented.
107
What is the purpose of the Primary Reserve Alert?
To alert members of the anticipated shortage of operating reserve capacity for a future critical period. It is implemented when estimated operating reserve capacity is less than the forecasted primary reserve requirement.
108
When is a Voltage Reduction Alert implemented?
It is implemented when the estimated operating reserve capacity is less than the forecasted synchronized reserve requirement.
109
What are the time frames for Pre-Emergency and Emergency Load Management Reduction?
30, 60, and 120 minutes
110
What is the purpose of the Max Gen Emergency Action?
to increase the PJM RTO generation above the maximum economic level
111
When is Manual Load Dump Warning Issued/
It is issued when available primary reserve capacity is less than the largest operating generator or the loss of a
transmission facility jeopardizes reliable operations after all other possible measures are taken
to increase reserve.
112
What is the purpose of the Min. Gen Advisory?
The purpose of the Minimum Generation Advisory/Alert is to provide an early alert that system
conditions may require the use of the PJM Emergency Procedures. They are implemented
when the expected generation level is within 2,500 MW of normal minimum energy limits.
113
What is the 30-minute Reserve?
Greater of (Primary Reserve Reliability Requirement, 3000 MW or largest Active Gas contingency)
Conditions for increased 30 min reserve: If PJM forecasts a natural gas pipeline contingency, If there is operational uncertainty, If there is a Hot or Cold Weather Alert, If there are escalating emergency procedures, and If there are anticipated reserve deliverability issues.
114
Western Control Zone UFLS settings are?
59.5, 59.3, 59.1, 58.9, and 58.7 Hz @ 5% increments
115
In cases where a Data Point ID fails for an extended period of time, the power system operator will manually update the value?
Every 30 minutes
116
Black start units have to re-energize a dead bus in how long?
3 hours
117
PJM Critical loads are?
Nuke safe shutdown, Hot steam units that just came offline recently, and gas infrastructure
118
If an EHV line is loaded above its SIL, the line is considered to be a?
VAR load
119
A lagging generator does what?
Laggy Maggy puts out, or produces VARs
120
RRC consists of?
Unit reserves, Capacitor and Reactor reserves, and lagging MVAR reserves
121
During System restoration, shunt capacitor banks are removed from service to prevent what?
High Voltage
122
How long does an operator have to correct actual voltages BELOW the emergency voltage limit but ABOVE the load dump limit?
5 Minutes
123
What alarm might be caused by a GMD?
Unbalanced neutral relay operation
124
After a loss of telemetry, the operator may be requested to update info how often?
30 minutes
125
Two TOs interconnect together during a system restoration. TO A has restored 600 MWs of Load. TO B has restored 2000 MWs of load. Following the interconnection what will occur?
one TO will control tie line flow and the other will control frequency
126
What Reserves are monitored during system restoration?
Synchronized Reserves and Dynamic Reserves
127
When ordered, a 5% voltage reduction should be taken on?
Distribution System
128
The PJM system is operated such that the contingency flow is less than the?
Emergency Rating
129
When available primary reserve capacity on a system is less than the largest operating generator, or the loss of a transmission facility jeopardizes reliable operations, PJM should issue a:
Manual Load Dump Warning
130
What action would be used FIRST to control a reactive transfer limit violation?
Load Off-cost Generation
131
When thunderstorms are in the vicinity of a critical bulk power transmission facility, the system operator should:
Ensure Automatic reclosing in service
132
An islanded system has a load of 3000 MW. To increase frequency by 1 Hz, how much load should be shed?
180 MW
133
Increased load on a circuit causes lower voltage at the remote end. What will increase this voltage?
Raise the Stepdown transformer tap position
134
What factors are used in forecasting load?
Weather Forecast, historical load data, and historical weather data
135
A real time security analysis contingency or actual overload is reported to who, and how long?
Immediately communicated to PJM transmission dispatcher
136
the minimum source requirements for voltage control are?
Generation capacity of 30 MW/mile of 500 kV line to be connected
20 MW load/mile of 500 kV line to be connected
137
What are Two Reasons why opening a pre-studied EHV line has a positive effect in reducing system voltages
Eliminates the capacitance charging of the line
Increases MW flow on other EHV lines, thereby reducing their MVAR output
138
During system restoration, an island requires 400 MW of dynamic reserve. The maximum
load allowed with underfrequency relay protection enabled that can be counted as dynamic
reserve is:
200 MW
139
What is the surge impedance loading on a typical 500 kV line and line charging per MVAR/MILE?
850 MW and 1.7
140
During system restoration, frequency has decayed for an islanded system to 59.05 Hz and is
decaying rapidly. The operator should:
Immediately shed load to recover the frequency
141
If inclement weather postpones the start of a planned outage, the outage will
Retain its status and priority as a planned outage
142
In the event of a heavy load voltage schedule, actions to increase voltage should be taken, when?
Prior to most of the load coming in for the operating period
143
What one-way communication system is used to disseminate information to local control
centers?
All- Call
144
If a member detects or suspects actual or attempted sabotage on the bulk power system,
they should?
Notify PJM immediately and Notify DOE within one hour of
145
Manual Load Dump for capacity shortages is initiated
Only in Control zones with a deficient energy position
146
During system restoration, one means of keeping frequency above 59.5 Hz is to activate
Synchronized Reserves
147
Lightly loaded lines act as?
a Var Source (capacitive)
148
Heavily loaded lines act as?
Absorb Vars (inductive)
149
During System restoration the following steps are taken by PJM, TOs, and GOs:
* Perform a system assessment to determine extent of outage
* Start Black Start units to form islands
* Build cranking paths to other generating units, nuclear stations and critical gas facilities
* Restore critical load as defined in Attachment A
* Synchronize and interconnect islands to form larger islands
* Connect to outside areas
* Return to normal operations
150
During System restoration each area or sub-system carries enough ________ to cover its largest single contingency.
Synchronous reserves
151
Generations Minimum Source Requirements are:
600 MW of electrically close generation connected 230 kV or higher.
Electrically Close is less than 50 230 kV miles.
Minimum of 30 MW of generation (capacity) per mile of energized 500/765 kV
152
Load Minimum Source Requirements:
Minimum of 20 MW of load per mile of energized 500 / 765 kV line
153
If the results of an EMS Security Analysis for PJM and a Transmission Owner are different, how is this issue handled?
Use the most conservative result until the issue is resolved
154
An island has been established with 500MW of load. Frequency on the island has dropped to 58.50 and no additional generation is available. How much load shed is needed to return frequency to 60Hz
45 MW
155
What is an Operators response to a Heavy Load Voltage Schedule?
Place Capacitors in Service
156
What is the regulation requirement during restoration?
2% of actual area load
157
What are the 2 types of Reserves during restoration?
Spinning and Dynamic
158
During light load periods, Voltage and Frequency normally run?
Frequency High and Voltage High
159
There is currently 925MW on a specific 500Kv line. What is happening regarding Mvar’s?
Absorbing Mvars because it is above SIL
160
If a 500Kv station RTU in inoperable, how often must the required data be sent to PJM?
Every 30 Minutes
161
The Load dump rating is what % of the Short term emergency rating?
115%
162
During restoration, Transmission Owners must provide what when energizing a 500Kv line:
Adequate Fault Protection, Capacitor Support, and VAR absorption capability
163
Operation at a load dump rating should not result in any facility tripping when actually loaded at that value for at least how many minutes?
15 minutes
164
PJM operates the system such that no monitored facility will violate what limit on a continuous basis?
Normal
165
Pre-contingency actions are used to control Post-contingency operations so as not to exceed what rating?
Emergency
166
During high voltage conditions, opening an EHV circuit has a positive effect in reducing system voltages for 2 reasons:
Increases losses on the rest of the EHV System and eliminates the capacitive charging on the line.
167
The single Regulation Requirement for the PJM RTO is equal to:
1% of the forecast peak load for the day
168
A unit is considered resource limited when it can not run at full load for how many hours?
72 Hours
169
A unit that is considered resource limited may be removed from dispatch and placed into what category:
Maximum Emergency Generation
170
After a Hot Weather Alert is issued by PJM, a gas fired CT with less than how many hours at full load would be considered resource limited?
8 Hours
171
Full Emergency Load Response (Long Lead Time) must be obtained in what time frame after issuance by PJM?
Within 1-2 Hours
172
PJM Load Curtailment Programs may be used to assist adjacent Control Areas in Emergency situations. True or False
False
173
At the issuance of a Load Dump Action, regulating units must not suspend their regulating capability True or False
False
174
A Post Contingency Local Load Relief Warning is issued to Members how?
Phone or Email
175
PJM schedules enough Contingency Reserves to satisfy the RFC requirements. The reserve requirements includes all but which of the following:
2% of forecasted area load
176
The purpose of Maximum Emergency Generation is to increase the PJM RTO generation to what point?
Maximum Economic Level
177
Which Member action is performed after a Primary Reserve Warning is issued:
Ensure all deferrable maintenance or testing is halted
178
Generation Dispatchers will suspend regulation on units when what is issued by PJM?
Maximum Emergency Generation Action
179
Which of the following would PJM NOT do to assist a Generation deficient adjacent Control Area?
Shed Load
180
Fuel Limited Resources during the issuance of a Cold/Hot Weather Alert may be placed into what Category by PJM?
Maximum Emergency Generation
181
Upon confirmation of SMD activity on the PJM system, PJM dispatchers will begin to operate the system to the:
Geomagnetic disturbance transfer Limits
182
During a Cold Weather Alert, a steam unit with less than 32 hours must be bid into what category?
Max Emergency Category
183
If an under frequency operation has occurred and manual load shed is needed to arrest the declining frequency, what minimum frequency is the Operator trying to return the frequency to?
59.75
184
Generator Automatic Voltage Regulator should be placed in service ASAP to reduce charging current when energizing circuits. True or False
True
185
During Restoration, what type of Reserve must be sufficient to allow the system to survive a frequency deviation due to the loss of the largest energy contingency
Dynamic Reserves
186
Synchronous Reserve may consist of what?
Generation that can be loaded within 10 minutes and load that can be dropped within 10 minutes
187
After loss of AC power to the battery charger, DC equipment, such as, breakers, relays, RTU’s, etc. may become inoperative when voltages reach what percentage of nominal?
80
188
As Voltage applied to a Capacitor decreases, MVARs supplied to the system:
Decreases
189
A transmission facility is found to be loaded above its short term emergency limit, how long does an operator have to correct the problem?
15 minutes
190
A 500kV line have 700MW currently flowing on it. What is happening with respect to MVARs?
Providing MVARs, below SIL
191
PJM operates so that no single facility failure will cause other facilities to exceed what limit?
Emergency
192
PJM controls to what % voltage drop for reactive transfers?
5%
193
What is an operator response to PJM issuing a Primary Reserve Alert?
Defer or cancel maintenance or testing
194
RRC Check. What do you add up to get your capacitor and reactor totals?
Caps not in service and Reactors in service, add up to get your total RRC in a table
195
Ambient Temperature ratings. What are the 8 temperature ratings?
95, 86, 77, 68, 59, 50, 41, and 32
196
Who is responsible for determining the amount of black start generation required in a transmission zone?
PJM
197
For Double Tower contingencies, if a transmission owner wishes to operate to control for double circuit tower line contingencies, it may do so using its own internal equipment after communicating with the PJM dispatcher. True or False
True
198
How many TDLs (temperature dependent limits) does PJM have?
16...... 8 total, 8 at night and 8 during the day
199
This System Restoration method allows for the restoration of several areas of the system at the same time while you are reliant on your neighbor’s ability to supply power with system stability due to being connected to the Eastern Interconnection
Top Down Method
200
Two islands are preparing to synchronize.
Island A’s largest contingency is 1100MW.
Island B’s largest contingency is 1400MW.
What are the required reserves AFTER the two islands synchronize.
1400 MWs
201
For a Generator to qualify to supply regulation in the PJM Regulation Market, it must be able to respond and attain its desired output within _____ Mins.
5 minutes
202
The greater the voltage drop or rise between 2 locations – the greater the _______ flow.
MVARs
203
Your system has suffered a complete blackout. You receive information that your neighboring systems are unaffected and still connected to the Eastern Interconnection. You have a very large system with a critical load center including a nuclear plant in the electrical center of your system. You have black-start capable generation strategically placed throughout your system. What method should you use?
Combination
204
Operation AT a load dump rating should not result in any facility tripping when actually loaded at that value for at least how many minutes?
15 minutes
205
If your Tie-line was scheduled to give you 350 MW and only gives you 150 MW, what happens to your ACE and frequency?
ACE decreases, Frequency Decreases
206
Planned ICCP link outages during summer peak loads:
Should be avoided
207
How are directives issued?
Phone call and All Call
208
What type of warning is issued if available synchronized reserves are less than the synchronized reserve requirements?
Voltage Reduction Warning
209
After an initial contingency, if flow is heavy and temperatures are high, a non-solved contingency on the state estimator may indicate a:
Possible Local System Collapse
210
In a permissive over-reaching protective relay scheme, the term "Permissive" refers to:
The receipt of a telecommunications signal from the opposite line terminal
211
Increased load on a circuit causes lower voltage at the remote end. Which of the following will increase this voltage?
Raise the stepdown transformer tap position
212
When available primary reserve capacity on a system is less than the largest operating generator, or the loss of a transmission facility jeopardizes reliable operations, PJM should issue a:
Manual load dump warning
213
During a System Restoration Event, How much electrically close generation would you need to be connected to 230 kV or higher?
600MWs
214
Which of the following actions would be used FIRST to control a reactive transfer limit violation?
Load Offcost Generation
215
This type of capacity alert is issued when the estimated operating reserve capacity is less than the forecasted synchronized requirement
Voltage Reduction Alert
216
The ability of a generator or a group of generators to remain in synchronism immediately following a sudden, large system disturbance defines:
Transient Stability
217
During an restoration, it is ok to consider all UFLS when it accounts for more than 50 % of dynamic reserve total? True or False
False
218
PJM transmission voltage levels include:
765kV, 500kV, 345kV, 230kV, 138kV, and 115kV
219
What is the typical concern of operators when restoring transmission lines with little load?
High Voltage
220
A 500kV line have 700MW currently flowing on it. What is happening with respect to MVARs?
Producing VARs, Below SIL
221
During Restoration, what type of Reserve must be sufficient to allow the system to survive a frequency deviation due to the loss of the largest energy contingency?
Dynamic Reserves
222
If an under frequency operation has occurred and manual load shed is needed to arrest the declining frequency, what minimum frequency is the Operator trying to return the frequency to?
59.75
223
Generation Dispatchers will suspend regulation on units when what is issued by PJM?
Maximum Emergency Generation ACTION
224
Low voltage in an area indicates what?
Shortage of VARs
225
33. PJM may request a Reactive Reserve Check when what is issued?
Max Emergency Generation Alert
226
Requests to change facility ratings must be submitted to PJM when?
Before the 1st day of the month prior to the month the change needs implemented
227
What frequency would be used to correct for a fast time error?
59.98
228
There is currently 925MW on a specific 500Kv line. What is happening regarding Mvar’s?
Absorbing VARs, above SIL
229
For maximum support of voltages on the EHV system, PJM may issue:
Heavy Load Voltage Schedule
230
ELI is Capacitive or Inductive?
ELI, is an inductive system. Voltage (E) leads the Current (I). Inductance = (L) ...... ELI... ABOVE SIL
231
ICE is Capacitive or Inductive?
ICE, is a capacitive system. Current (I) leads the Voltage (E). Capacitive = (C) ...... ICE..... BELOW SIL
232
If real time analysis fails, TO must perform manual readings every______ minutes?
20 minutes
233
Contacting PJM prior to removing equipment for an outage?
15 minutes prior
234
Contacting PJM prior to returning equipment from an outage?
30 minutes prior
235
Transformer adjusts voltage by adjusting the number of?
Windings
236
The effect of a system fault on a motor?
Diminished Capacity
237
System can withstand oscillations through properly tuned control systems
Dynamic Stability
238
Voltage profiles P.U.
Normal is .95 PU, Emergency low is .92 PU, load dump is .90 PU.
For 500kV its 1.0, 0.97, and .95 PU
239
RTU Outage. T.O. Must do what?
Man Substation, Manually replace missing data (100kV+ bus/line voltages/Currents) every 30 minutes
240
If IROL/SOL exceedance, how long do you have before beginning load shed process?
25 Minutes
25 minutes to try to use off-cost/non-cost actions to get below limit, last 5 minutes shed load to return under the limit. PJM default Tv is 30 minutes just like the NERC default.
241
Real time bus prices may be monitored using?
eDATA
242
What action is a violation of PJM two settlement market rules?
Not bidding an available PJM capacity resource into the day ahead market
243
What factor does NOT influence the load forecast?
planned generation outages
244
Station A indicates a transformer differential on A phase, while station B receives a DTT (Direct Transfer Trip) what happened?
Transformer Fault at Station A
245
What does the “Generate” and “Add equipment” button do in eDART?
“Generate” button adds a tier and “Add equipment” button allows you to add one piece of equipment
246
Power Company is relocating substation equipment starting March 9 and will take 6-9 days to complete. The outage ticket was submitted December 3rd, what is the ticket status?
Late
247
An SVC is currently operating at 12 MVAR lagging. The SVC is rated for 30 MVAR leading and 130 MVAR lagging. What can you use for your RRC?
118 MVAR
248
Island A has 300 MW of load restored and frequency is 59.9 Hz and island B has 1200 MW of load restored and frequency is 60.1 Hz. You are preparing to sync the two islands together, what must the operator do before syncing the two islands together?
Lower the frequency in island B
249
At midnight you have a low voltage situation, what can be done to control it?
Operate SVC in the lag
250
What would you report to PJM if communications were down?
Change in 100 MW on 500 kV system
251
The 500 kV system is at .96 PU. What flows, if any were violated?
Normal and Emergency Low
252
Operating Below SIL does what to the system?
Increase Reactive Power
