PL1030 Bio Flashcards
(430 cards)
What is the synaptic effect of amphetamine?
blocks reuptake of dopamine and other transmitters
What is the synaptic effect of cocaine?
blocks reuptake of dopamine and other transmitters
What is the synaptic effect of methylphenidate?
gradually blocks dopamine reuptake
What is another name for methylphenidate?
Ritalin
What is the synaptic effect of MDMA?
releases dopamine and serotonin
What is the synaptic effect of Nicotine?
stimulates acetylcholine receptors which among other effects increases dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens
What is the synaptic effect of Opiates?
stimulates endorphin receptors
What is the synaptic effect of cannabinoids?
triggers negative feedback receptors, which usually respond to anandamide and 2AG on presynaptic cells
What is the synaptic effect of hallucinogens?| like LSD
Stimulates serotonin type 2A receptors (5-HT2a)
Where are neurotransmitters and neuropeptides synthesised?
transmitters: presynaptic terminalpeptides: cell body
Where are neurotransmitters and neuropeptides released?
- transmitters: axon ending* peptides: from dendrites, soma, and sides of axon
Whom are neurotransmitters and neuropeptides released by?
- transmitters: single action potential* peptides: repeated depolarisation
What are the effects of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides on their respectively neighbouring cells?
- transmitters: no effect* peptides: they also release peptides
How do the effects of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides spread?
- transmitters: to receptors of adjacent postsynaptic cells* peptides: diffuse to wide areas
How long do neurotransmitters and neuropeptides effects last?
- transmitters: milliseconds to seconds* peptides: minutes
Which five methods can be used to examine the effects of brain damage?
- study of trauma victims2. lesions3. ablations4. gene knockout5. transcranial magnetic stimulation
Which two methods can be used to examine the effects of brain stimulation?
- stimulating electrodes2. optogenetic stimulation
Which six methods can be used to record brain activity while a behaviour is occuing?
- record from electrodes in the brain2. electroencephalograph (EEG)3. evoked potentials4. magnetoencephalograph (MEG)5. positron emission tomography (PET)6. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
Which two methods can be used to correlate brain anatomy with behaviour?
- computerised axial tomography (CAT)2. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Records changes in brain activity from the scalp by miliseconds with poor location signal resolution
EEG
Records magnetic fields in brain activity from the scalp by miliseconds with poor location signal resolution
MEG
Uses radiation to measure brain activity changes over time and location
PET
Invasive way of stimulating a brain area, rarely used with humans but frequently with lab animals
stimulating electrodes
Records changes in brain activity from the scalp by miliseconds with poor location signal resolution in response to a stimuli
evoked potentials