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embryology > placenta and development of major body cavities > Flashcards

placenta and development of major body cavities Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 layers of the uterine wall

A
  • endometrium - inner layer - mucosa
  • myometrium - middle - muscular
  • perimetrium - outer - CT/ supportive
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2
Q

what are the 2 zones of the endometrium in the uterine wall

A
  • basal layer
  • functional layer
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3
Q

what is the basal layer in the endometrium

A

deeper layer, not sloughed off during menstruation but functions as a regenerative zone after its rejected
- supplied by straight arteries

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4
Q

what is the functional layer of the endometrium

A

superficial layer, 80% of thickness and is sloughed off during menstruation
- site of cyclic changes
- supplied by spiral arteries

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5
Q

where does the blastocyst attaches

A

functional layer of endometrium

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6
Q

what happens when the blastocyst invades the basal layer of endometrium

A

placenta accerta

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7
Q

what happens when the blastocyst invades the myometrium

A

placenta increta

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8
Q

what happens when the blastocyst invades the perimetrium

A

placenta percenta

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9
Q

what is decidua

A

portion of the uterine wall that is lost at parturition

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10
Q

what are the 3 types of decidua

A
  • decidua basalis
  • decidua capsularis
  • decidua parietalis
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11
Q

what is decidua basalis

A

position of the decidua underlying the embedded embryo and where chorionic villi are anchored

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12
Q

what is decidua capsularis

A

portion of the decidua that covers the embryo as it bulges into the uterine cavity

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13
Q

what is decidua parietalis

A

decidua that lines the remainder of the uterus

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14
Q

what is the cytotrophoblast

A

stem cell layer that contributes to the growing synctiotrophoblast layer

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15
Q

what is the Syncytiotrophoblast layer

A

mass of cytoplasm filled with nuclei
- unbroken barrier that protects the fetus
- recreates enzymes to invade maternal tissue

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16
Q

what to blastocysts produce

A

human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) which signals corpus luteum which creates progesterone in the ovaries to continue its life

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17
Q

what is the function of stromal cells

A
  • in contact with villi
  • differentiate into decidual cells which are filled with glycogen
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18
Q

what fills the lacunae become filled with when growth occurs

A

maternal blood

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19
Q

what do the first primitive vessels of the yolk sac do

A

the first site of hematopoiesis

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20
Q

what do the primordial germ cells do in the yolk sac

A

migrate to the bees of the gonads

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21
Q

what is chorion

A

fetal tissue that forms the placenta
- Syncytiotrophoblast
- Cytotrophoblast
- Extraembryonic somatopleuric mesoderm

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22
Q

how are chorionic villi formed

A

1) cytotrophoblast invades the strands of syncytiotrophoblast and coverts it to primary villi
2) maternal blood from the eroded maternal blood vessels fills the lacunae which forms intervillus spaces
3) extraembryonic mesoderm invades the villi forming secondary villi

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23
Q

what are primary villus

A

central core of cytotrophoblast surrounded by syncytiotrophoblast

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24
Q

what are secondary villus

A

primary mesoderm invade primary villi forming central core
- central core of mesoderm + cytotophoblast + syncytiotrophoblast

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25
what are tertiary villus
formation of fetal blood vessels in the central core of mesoderm
25
what happens to tertiary villus
undergo degeneration except the villi adjacent to the decidua basalis where they continue to grow
26
what tissue does the core of tertiary villi contain
- loose CT with fetal capillaries - fibroblasts - few phagocytic cells called cells of Hofbauer
26
what are Hofbauer cells
large cells with large nuclei
27
what are the parts of chorion
- chorion frondosum - chorion laeve
28
what is the chorion frondosum
bushy chorion, part under the implanted embryo - between embryo and myometrium
28
what is the placenta
disk shaped organ composed of maternal side bassalis and dental side
29
what is the fetal surface covered by
amnion - smooth where the umbilical cord is attached too
30
what does the fetal part of the placenta consist of
- branching chorionic plate - amniotic membrane - tertiary chorionic villi
31
what does the maternal part of the placenta consist of
- modified basal lamina of endometrium - lacunae - filled with maternal blood - connected tissue septae - separate colyledons - cotyledons - placnetal lobes
32
what are the functions of the placenta
- respiratory function - nutrition function - excrete waste products - barrier function - heparin and insulin do not pass - production of hormones - immune - IgG antibodies transferred giving passive immunity - production of enzymes
33
when does the placental barrier form
at 4 months
34
what passes through the placental barrier
nutrients, hormones and viruses
35
what cannot pass through placental barrier
drugs and bacteria
36
what are the components of the placental barrier
- syncytiotrophoblast, - cytotrophoblast, - basal lamina of cytotrophoblast, - CT (mesodermal, mesenchymal layer) of villus, - basal lamina of the blood vessel, - endothelium of the fetal blood vessel.
37
what happens to the placental barrier after 4 months
cytotrophoblast and mesoderm thin out and leaves a thin layer of syncytiotrophoblast and fetal capillary endothelium
38
where does the umbilical cord develop from
connecting stalk - part of extrambryonic mesoderm
39
where is the mesodermal bar of connecting stalk attached to
roof of amniotic cavity at one end and trophoblast at the other
40
what are the 3 blood vessels in the umbilical cord
- 2 umbilical arteries - branched from iliac arteries carry deoxygenated blood from fetus to placenta - 1 umbilical vein - supplies oxygenated blood from placenta to fetus into the inferior vena cava via ductus venosus
41
what is the amnion
large sac containing amniotic fluid whee the umbilical card is suspended
42
what are the functions of amniotic fluid
- absorbs jolts - allows for fetal movement - prevents adherence of the embryo to surrounding tissue
43
how is amniotic fluid produced
dialysis through placental and fetal blood vessels or fetal urine
44
how is amniotic fluid absorbed
feral swallowing
45
when is the maximum amount of amniotic fluid reached
36 weeks
46
what is amniocentesis
procedure where amniotic fluid is aspirated from amniotic cavity for diagnostic purposes - done at 14-15 weeks
47
what is the purpose of amniocentesis
- examine chromosomes - detect defective enzymes - neural tube defects - sex of a fetus - study fetal enzymes and hormones
48
what are the abnormalities with amniotic fluid
- severe hydaamios - excess - may indicate genetic defects eg. CNS or blockage to gastrointestinal tube - oligohydramnios - not enough - problem with fetal development
49
what are dizygotic twins/ fraternal
come from two zygotes
50
what are monozygotic twins/ identical
one zygote
51
what are the reasons for hyperovulation
- height - taller people more likely - high body weight - increases estrogen - maternal age - older women more likely - subsequent births - people who have given birth several times - race
52
what happens to the placenta with dizygotic twins
- separate placentas but fuse due to being so close together
52
what happens when dizygotic twins have different sexs
testosterone from male can affect female development - square jaws - large teeth
53
how does conjoined monozygotic twins form
embryonic disc doesn't divide completely of discs fuse
54
55
what are the types of conjoined monozygotic twins
- craniopagus - twins united with head - thoracopagus - twins fused at thorax - pygopagus - fusion of sacral region - cephalothoracopagus - function of throat and head
56
what are parasitic twins/ heteropagus
conjoint twin that have one large and another smaller parasitic twin
57
what are vanishing twin
- fetus becomes mummified and resembles parchment paper
58
what is the intraebroyonic mesoderm subdivided into
- paraxial mesoderm (somite), - intermediate mesoderm (nephrogonatome), - lateral plate mesoderm.
59
what does lateral plate mesoderm form
body wall and body cavities - initially involved in formation of intraembryonic celom
60
what is the itraembryonic celom
all cavities fuse together to form one large horseshoe shaped cavity
61
when does the intramebryonic celom divide
during 2nd month
62
what does the intraembronic celom divide into
- somatopleuric mesoderm - development of body wall - splanchnopleuric mesoderm - development of walls of viscera - intraembryonic mesoderm - development of liver and diaphragm
63
what is the canal connecting the pericardial and peritoneal cavities called
pericardioperitoneal canals
64
What do two fused primitive peritoneal cavities form
Single peritoneal cavity
65
When does the intraembryonic celom form
End of 3rd week
66
What is the structure of the intraembryonic celom
Horseshoe-shaped cavity in the lateral plate mesoderm
67
How does folding of the embryo occur
- pericardial cavity lined ventrally and two pericardioperitoneal canals pass on either side of the foregut - two long buds arising from foregut invaginate the pericardioperitoneal canals - growth and enlargement of lung buds expands the canals forming the pleural cavities
68
What components form the diaphragm
- septum transversum - paired pleuropeitoneal membranes - dorsal mesentry of esophagus - mesoderm of body wall
69

embryology (3 decks)

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