Planning And Measurement Flashcards
What types of Costs are not adjusted for inflation?
Fixed costs (such as depreciation expense and interest expense)
In Project Management, who uses unique skills cooperatively to achieve a common outcome?
Project team member
At the BEP, what is equal to the contribution margin?
Fixed costs
BEP=fixed costs (overhead and selling)/contribution margin
How is Profit calculated?
Sales-VC-FC=Profit
How is the Average Collection Period for accounts receivables calculated?
Average AR (begin+end/2) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Average daily sales (annual sales/360)
What are the minimum and maximum Transfer Price rules?
With idle capacity (min=avoidable outlay cost, max=market price)
Without idle capacity (min and max=market price)
How are Sales determined?
Inventory turnover
*
Average investment
_____________________
How does the Weighted Average Process System work?
(Unitsmaterialpercent complete)
+
(Unitsmaterialpercent complete)
____________________________
What is a Back Flush costing System?
Simplify product costing by costing production at the completion of an order
(The alternative to the typical product costing system which is normally used in a high-speed automated environment)
(Inspection costs decrease because zero defects is the goal so production halts until errors are fixed)
What type of risk is addressed in Insurance?
Peril or hazard (insurance is designed to reduce or eliminate risk of loss)
How is Gross Margin calculated?
Gross profits (net sales-COGS)
______________
Net sales
Does the Cash Receipts Budget include loan proceeds?
Yes (loan proceeds increase cash)
How is Factory Overhead applied recorded in a process cost system?
Increases WIP inventory control (manufacturing cost journal entries are similar for job-order and process costing. WIP is debited and factory overhead applied is credited)
In the Direct (variable) Costing method, how are fixed selling and administrative expenses reported?
Operating Income but not contribution margin
Sales -Variable Manufacturing -Variable Selling and Administrative \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Contribution Margin -Fixed Manufacturing -Fixed Selling and Administrative \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Operating Income
What causes a Production Volume Variance?
The difference between the planned level of production activity and the actual level achieved
What type of Cost is never relevant to a sell or process further decision?
Joint costs
What classifies the product of a Joint Process as a By-Product instead of a main product?
Low sales volume compared to the main product
How is Asset Turnover calculated?
Average invested capital
_______________________ Sales
What strategy would likely reduce the BEP?
Decreasing fixed costs and increasing the contribution margin (increasing the contribution margin allows for each unit to cover more fixed costs, which would require the sale of fewer units to break even)
How is Inventory Percentage calculated?
Ending inventory balance
_____________
Total assets
In a Standard Cost System, who causes material Price Variances
Purchasing manager
How are Indirect Materials reflected in the General Ledger for Job Order Costing?
Increases factory overhead control?
What are some limitations of ROI?
It could be arbitrarily affected by the allocation of indirect costs
It could cause managers to postpone critical expenditures
It could cause management to not accept advantageous projects
What are some facts of comparing Absorption Costing to Variable Costing?
Absorption costing increases operating profits in the short run by increasing inventories
When sales volume is more than production volume, variable costing will result in higher operating profit
Operating profit is a function of both sales volume and production volume in absorption costing
What is the focus of Managerial Accounting?
The needs of the organization’s internal parties
What effect does production level increases/decrease have on Fixed and Variable Cost per unit in a Flexible Budget?
Production increase=fixed cost decrease, variable cost no change
Production decrease=fixed cost increase, variable cost no change
Are Sunk Costs or Opportunity Costs relevant to making financial decisions?
Sunk costs=No
Opportunity costs=Yes
What types of costs are Prime Costs?
Materials and Labor
What is a Strategy Map in a Balanced Scorecard framework?
Diagrams of the cause-and-effect relationships between strategic objectives
How is Contribution Margin per unit calculated?
Sales price per unit - Variable material, labor, overhead, selling and administrative costs per unit (variable costs/units) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Contribution margin per unit
(Contribution margin is based on units sold not produced)
(Although variable selling and admin costs are used to arrive at the contribution margin the costs are actually expensed as period cost)
How is BEP in units calculated?
Total fixed costs
__________________
Contribution margin per unit
What Hedging strategy is good for a short-term loan and volatile interest rates?
Enter into a forward contract to purchase Treasury bills in the future (it allows the firm to trade the variable rate for a fixed rate)
How is a Pareto chart used?
It ranks the causes of process variations by the degree of impact on quality
How is Operating Profit calculated?
Sales - COGS (fixed and variable manufacturing costs) - General and Admin Expenses \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
How is the Operating Profit Margin calculated?
Operating profit
_________________
Sales
How are Joint Costs assigned using Net Realizable Value?
Sales value - Sales value equivalent percentage of joint cost - Separable costs \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
What are the Joint Costing methods?
Net realizable value
Sales value at split-off
Physical quantity (product’s percentage of total quantity * joint costs)
How is Book Value per share calculated?
Common stockholder’s equity (common stock * retained earnings)
____________________
outstanding shares
What tools does Six Sigma commonly use to achieve quality control?
Tools common to TQM-total quality management such as control charts, run charts, Pareto histograms, and Isikawa (fish bone) diagrams
What Budget provides information for the Owner’s Equity section of the budgeted balance sheet?
Budgeted income statement
How is Profit Margin calculated?
Net income
____________
Net sales
(The ratio is a measure of profitability)
What is the difference between Absorption and Direct Costing?
Absorption capitalizes both variable and fixed manufacturing costs as indirect product costs
Direct costing capitalizes only variable manufacturing costs as product cost and expenses fixed manufacturing costs as a period expense
(Selling and admin are not production expenses)
What are the four Balanced Scorecard perspectives and some types of performance measures?
Customer satisfaction
Financial performance
Internal operations (cycle time, defective units)
Learning and growth (employees, infrastructure, teaming, and capabilities such as training hours, employee satisfaction, and retention)
(The primary purpose is performance measurement)
(Developed by Kaplan and Norton)
What are Committed Costs?
The preset level of operating capacity from an investment that can not be altered in the short run
How is EVA-economic value added calculated?
Cost of Capital
________________
What effect does Absorption Costing have on income?
It increases income because fixed overhead costs are added to inventory
How are equivalent units for FIFO calculated?
Remaining WIP percentage \+ (Completed units-begin WIP total) \+ Spoilage \+ Completed end WIP \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
What are the characteristics of Lean and Mass Production?
Lean: Flexible equipment Lower set-up times Highly-skilled workers Small batches of unique products Mass: Dedicated equipment Higher set-up times Low-skilled workers
How is a Direct Variable Costing Income Statement prepared?
Sales - Variable manufacturing - Variable selling and admin \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Contribution Margin - Fixed manufacturing - Fixed selling and admin \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Operating Income
What factors could effect a labor Efficiency Variance?
machine maintenance
Does the cost of units produced include Scrap, Normal Spoilage, and/or Abnormal Spoilage?
Yes, scrap and normal spoilage
What are some Profitability Ratios?
Gross margin
Operating profit margin
Return on assets
What is Budgetary Control?
The process of budgeting and using the budgets to control operations
How is Free Cash Flow calculated?
NOPAT-net operating income after taxes \+ Depreciation - Change in working capital - Capital expenditures \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
What type of Project Risk is related to managing people, time, cost, and activities?
Implementing risk
How is an Absorption Costing Income Statement prepared?
Net Sales - COGS (fixed and variable manufacturing costs) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Gross Profit
What is a main characteristic of a flexible budget and what types of budgets can be Flexible Budgets?
Provides budgeted numbers for various activity levels and be used for Marketing and/or
Material Budgets
(Flexible budgets also have fixed components)