Planning History Flashcards
(44 cards)
1
Q
Who was Saul Alinsky and why was he notable?
A
- Wrote Rules for Radicals
- Active in 1960s
- Community Organizer in Chicago
- Used disruption as an advocay tactic
2
Q
What was the L’Enfant plan, when/where was it created, and what was its long-term influence?
A
- Created in 1790
- George Washington invited Pierre L’Enfant (an architect) to create the plan
- Centerpiece focused on a “public walk”, now the National Mall
- Was a plan for a metropolis in an rural area
- Plan wasn’t readily adopted but was updated in 1901 by the McMillan Commission to redevelop the National Mall
3
Q
Why is Andrew Ellicott relevant to planning?
A
- Led the survey of Washington in 1780s-90s
- Revised and was credited for the first plan for the federal district, taking over from Pierre L’Enfant
4
Q
Why was Benjamin Banneker relevant to planning?
A
Allegedly assisted Andrew Ellicot with a survey of area that would become Washington DC
5
Q
Who was Ian McHarg, what book did he write and how did his ideas influence planning?
A
- Scottish landscape architect
- Published Design with Nature in 1969
- Used suitability analysis technique to overlay different aspects of the natural landscape to identify appropriate land uses for specific areas
- Pioneered ecological planning, considering natural features in city plans
- Original codesigner of the Woodlands (TX)
6
Q
What was the L’Enfant Plan, when was it created, and what was its impact?
A
- Created in 1790
- George Washington invited Pierre L’Enfant (an architect) to create the plan, then dismissed him in 1792
- Centerpiece focused on a “public walk”, now the National Mall
- Was a plan for a metropolis in an rural area
- Plan wasn’t readily adopted but was updated in 1901 by the McMillan Commission to redevelop the National Mall
7
Q
Who was Saul Alinsky and what was he known for?
A
- Wrote Rules for Radicals
- Active in 1960s
- Community Organizer in Chicago
- Used disruption as an advocacy tactic
8
Q
New Urbanism
A
- Arose in 1980
- Reaction to urban sprawl and post WWII suburban development
- Planning and development approach that values walkable blocks and streets, housing and shopping near each other, and accessible public spaces
- Seaside, Florida was the first New Urbanist town
9
Q
Traditional Neighborhood Design (TND)
A
- Form of development zoning that values compact, mixed use neighborhoods, associated with New Urbanism
- Could either be complete neighborhoods or infill developments
10
Q
Peter Calthorpe
A
- Founding member of Congress for New Urbanism
- Developed concept of Transit Oriented Development (TOD) in early 90s
11
Q
Form-based code
A
- Type of development regulation
- Emerged towards end of 20th century
- Alternative to Euclidean zoning
- Response to urban sprawl, pedestrian safety concerns, loss of historic neighborhoods
- First used in Seaside, Florida
12
Q
First zoning code
A
- 1916 in New York City
- Developed by Edward Bassett and George McAneny
- Regulated building shape rather than height
- Focused on ensuring light and air would reach sidewalks
13
Q
Neotraditional town model
A
- Associated with New Urbanism
- Create neighorhoods similar to pre-WWII era downtowns
- Associated with Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk and Peter Calthorpe
14
Q
City Beautiful
A
- Planning movement between 1890s and 1920s
- comprehensive planning arose from this movement
- called for design to promote civic pride and engagement but didn’t meaningfully address social issues beyond design improvements
- associated with Cleveland, Chicago, San Francisco, St. Paul, and Washington, DC (first plan carried out in 1902)
- associated with Daniel Burnham and the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago
- wanted to replicate European design traditions via loose adaptation of Classical architecture
15
Q
Daniel Burnham
A
- Architect associated with the City Beautiful Movment and the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago
- wanted to replicate European design traditions
16
Q
Radiant City
A
- created by Le Corbusier
- design movement from the 1920s that wanted to achieve a linear and ordered metropolis
- conceptualized like a living organism with organized parts that would work together as a whole
- consisted of vertical architecture and large shared open spaces (described as “Towers in the Park”, associated with Stuyvesant Town in NYC)
17
Q
Garden Cities
A
- 20th century planning movement first proposed by Ebenezer Howard
- promoted satellite communities surrounding a central city and separated by greenbelts
- cities would be self-cufficient but linked to other garden cities
- would provide the working classes with an alternative to life in crowded cities
- iconic cities include New Rochelle, NY, and Greenbelt planned towns of Greendale, WI, Greenbelt, MD, and Greenhills, OH
- people involved
18
Q
Clarence Perry
A
created Neighborhood Unit concept in 1920s
19
Q
Neighborhood Unit
A
- a ideal/model for planners to create neighborhoods within industrializing cities, included guidelines for spatial distribution of residences, community services, streets, and commercial activity
- continues to be used in adapted form by New Urbanism
20
Q
Clarence Stein
A
- architect and proponent of garden city movement in the US
- cofounded the Regional Planning Association of America in 1923 to address large-scale planning issues
- designed New Towns like Radburn, NJ, Sunnyside Gardens, Queens, and Chatham Village, Pittsburgh
21
Q
Frank Lloyd Wright
A
developed Broadacre City Planning Concept in 1932
22
Q
Broadacre City
A
- decentralized city with individual homes and small farmsteads on one-acre plots of land
- opposite of transit-oriently development, automobile centric
- more like a suburb than a city
23
Q
TVA
A
- perpetuated Jim Crow style racial discrimination against African Americans through employment practices and planning
- created all-white town of Norris, Tennessee
24
Q
Jacob Riis
A
- Muckracking journalist
- photographed impoverished people in NYC
- worked on tenement issues and life in slums
- Wrote “How the Other Half Lives”
25
Kevin Lynch
wrote* The Image of the City*
26
*The Image of the City*
* focuses on how people perceive and navigate cities
* determined that people form mental maps with five elements
* paths
* edges
* districts
* nodes
* landmarks
* Coined the words “imageability” and “wayfinding”
27
Edge City
* concept was popularized by Joel Garreau in 1991
* argued that it had become a standard form of 20th century urban growth
28
5 rules of an Edge City
* 5 million or more sq ft of leasable office space
* 600,000 sq ft or more of leasable retail space
* has more jobs than bedrooms
* perceived by the population as one place
* was nothing like a city as recently as 30 years ago
29
Paul Davidoff
* planner who conceptualized “advocacy planning”
* planners intentionally represent interests of various groups in society
* primary litigant in Mount Laurel I decision
30
William Whyte
* wrote The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces, published in 1980
* examined how people used urban spaces
* looked at: demographics of plaza users, gender differences, user behavior, sittable space, the role of natural elements, food, relationship of the space to the main pedestrian traffic flow, capacity, triangulation
31
Riverside, Illinois
* the first planned suburb in the US
* designed in 1869 by Calver Vaux and Frederick Law Olmstead
* lots of important early 20th century architecture
32
Resettlement Administration
* New Deal US federal agency created in 1935
* relocated struggling families to communities planed by the federal government
* built greenbelt cities (Greendale, WI, Greenbelt, MD, and Greenhills, OH)
* Racially segregated
* featured residential superblocks
33
Jane Jacobs
influential planner from the 1960s
wrote* The Death and Life of Great American Cities *(1961)
argued against urban renewal and slum clearance
fought against Robert Moses and his plans to redevelop her neighborhood of Greenwich Village
34
Robert Moses
* urban planner and public official active in New York from early to mid 20th century
* known for top-down planning, urban renewal efforts, and transportation projects
* served as Parks Commissioner of NY*
35
Lawrence Veiller
* American social reformer during late 1880s
* associated with tenement reform
* helped draft the New York State Tenement House Act in 1901
36
SSZEA
* Standard State Zoning Enabling Act was a model law for US states, first printed in 1924, revised in 1926
37
SSPEA
* Standard State Planning Enabling Act
* released in 1927, revised in 1928
* the organization and power of the planning commission, which was directed to prepare and adopt a "master plan"
* the content of the master plan for the physical development of the territory
* provision for adoption of a master street plan by the governing body
* provision for approval of all public improvements by the planning commission
* control of private subdivision of land
* provision for the establishment of a regional planning commission and a regional plan
38
Andres Duany
* Founder of Congress for New Urbanism
* Architect
* Designed Seaside, Florida
39
Sherry Arnstein
* wrote “A Ladder of Citizen Participation” in 1969
* outlines range of participation with 3 groupings - nonparticipation, tokenism, and citizen power
40
Patrick Geddes
* Scottish urban planner
* advocated against ‘gridiron’ plans, advocated for ‘conservative surgery’ which made strategic improvements rather than massive changes to neighborhoods
* Encouraged planners to survey a specific situation and plan accordingly, rather than plan based on an abstract ideal
41
Frederick Law Olmstead Sr.
* American Landscape architect, considered to be the father of landscape architecture in the US
* Co-designed urban parks with partner Calvert Vaux
* Project included NYC Central Park, the Emerald Necklace in Boston, and the main park ground for the 1893 Columbian Exposition
42
Frederick Law Olmstead Jr.
* American Landscape architect and city planner
* known for work on National Parks
* Worked on the McMillian Commission Plan for Washington DC, the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition, and on projects in Washington DC
43
Edward Bassett
* “the father of American zoning”
* wrote the first comprehensive zoning ordinance in the US for NYC in 1916
44
1st National Planning Conference
* Held in 1909 in Washington DC
* Included prominent urbanists of the time
