Planning History Flashcards
(53 cards)
1
Q
Land Ordinance of 1785
A
- Adopted by Congress of the Confederate
- Standardized system to sell farmland in the undeveloped west
- Established the basis for the Public Land Survey System (PLSS)
2
Q
The Homestead Act, 1862
A
- Period: 1862-1976 (1986 Alaska)
- Signed by Abe Lincoln after Southern succession
- Distributed 10% of US land mass (160-270 million acres) of public land to citizens
3
Q
The Morrill Act, 1862
A
4
Q
General Land Law Revision Act, 1891
A
5
Q
Standard State Zoning Enabling Act (SZEA), 1922
A
- Herbert Hoover, Secretary of Commerce 1921-1928
- helped states create zoning restrictions
- defined zoning commissions and called for zoning regulations in plans
6
Q
Standard City Planning Enabling Act (SCPEA), 1927
A
- helped states understand city and regional planning commissions, the making of city and regional plans, and controlling layout of new subdivisions
7
Q
City Beautiful movement
A
- Period: 1846 - 1912
- Daniel Burnham
- emphasized grandeur and beautification in planning
- World’s Columbian Exposition, 1893 “The White City”
- First plan adopted by San Francisco, 1906
- The Chicago Plan, 1909
8
Q
Garden Cities movement
A
- Period: 1898 - Early 1900s
- Ebenezer Howard’s
1. Letchworth
2. Welwyn Garden City
3. Wythenshawe - Satellite self-contained communities around central city separated with undeveloped greenbelts
- Capture benefits of both countryside and city while avoiding disadvantages of both
9
Q
City Functional movement, “City Efficient”, “City Scientific”
A
- Period: Early 1900s
- response to City Beautiful
10
Q
NYC Zoning Code, 1916
A
- Edward M. Bassett: “the father of zoning” and George McAneny
- addressed issues with buildings blocking light and unwanted use (to protect property values)
- divided NY into commercial, residential, unrestricted districts
- mandated set-back design (ziggurat) and building heights
11
Q
Euclid v. Ambler, 1926
A
- ruled that local ordinance zoning was legal from the national level and was a valid exercise of police power
- Alfred Bettman, one of key founders of modern planning, provided arguments for zoning
- inspired communities all over the country to introduce zoning codes
12
Q
Regional Plan of NY, 1929
A
13
Q
RPAA
A
- Regional Planning Association of America
- led by Clarence Stein
- developed prototypes Sunnyside, Queens and Radburn, NJ
14
Q
Perry’s Neighborhood Unit
A
- 1929
- Clarence Perry
- neighborhood within a city
- walkable residential district centered around a school
- business district on the edge
- limited external traffic through neighborhood
- became basis for suburban development
- encouraged segregation
15
Q
Suburban Expansion
A
- Suburban housing
- FDR, 1933, Home Owners Loan Corp.
- National Housing Act, 1934, FHA - Automobile policy
- Regional infrastructure
16
Q
RPA
A
- Regional Planning Agency
- Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
- first large regional planning agency of the U.S. federal government, and remains the largest
- response to distrust of private utility companies
17
Q
NY State Tenement House Act, 1901
A
- improved living conditions in NY tenement buildings
- set requirements for new buildings to improve light and air quality, sanitation, and safety
18
Q
McMillan Plan
A
- wrote by Senate Park Commission
- update the L’Enfant Plan for Wash., D.C.
- basis of most of D.C.’s planning
- considered first real expression of City Beautiful in US
- redesigned national mall and set locations for Lincoln Memorial, Ulysses S. Grant Memorial, Union Station, and US Dept. of Ag. Building
19
Q
Antiquities Act
A
- signed by President Theodore Roosevelt
- preserved archeological sites on public lands
- authorized presidents to designate landmarks as national monuments
20
Q
First National Conference on City Planning, 1909
A
- organized by Benjamin Marsh
- led to the creation of the American City Planning Institute in 1917
21
Q
American City Planning Institute
A
- First president: Frederick Law Olmsted Jr.
- later became American Institute of Planneres (AIP) in 1939
22
Q
First Comprehensive Plan
A
- Cincinnati, OH
- Alfred Bettman
23
Q
Central Place Theory
A
- 1933
- Walter Christaller
- modeled patterns in spatial arrangement, size, and numbers of communities in a region
- examined economic relationships and market areas of communities
- overly rigid and flawed assumptions
24
Q
American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO)
A
- formed 1934
- Walter Blucher, Exec. Director
- membership consisted of public officials involved in planning
25
American Planning Association (APA)
- 1978
- merger between AIP and ASPO
26
Housing Act of 1934
- signed by FDR
- created Federal Housing Administration (FHA)
- revived housing market from the Great Depression
- standardized the 30-year low-interest mortgage
- homeownership rate jumped to 70% of households
- encouraged suburbanization
27
Home Owners' Loan Corporation
- redlining
- graded risk levels of neighborhoods
- refused mortgages to areas predominantly Black
28
Wagner-Steagall Act, 1937
- FDR
- improved housing for the poor
- created US Housing Authority
- built low-rent housing developments
29
Levittowns
- NY, 1947-1951
- Philly, 1952-1958
- mass-produced housing for vets post-WWII
- included clause that excluded Black residents
30
AIP Code of Professional Conduct for Planners
- 1948
- now AICP Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct
31
Housing Act of 1949
- Harry Truman's Fair Deal
- funded improvements of housing for the poor in urban areas
- intended to counter effects of suburbanization
- included slum clearance, urban renewal, building public housing, and expanded FHA
- eliminated more housing than it created
- demolished cheaper housing in minority neighborhoods for more expensive housing (urban renewal)
- improved living conditions and neighborhood infrastructure
32
Housing Act of 1954
- managed by FHA
- funded slum clearance and urban renewal
33
Federal Aid Highway Act, 1956
- Dwight Eisenhower
- increased driving and growth of suburbs
34
Housing Act of 1961
- JFK
- funded extensive housing programs
- open space, mass transportation, urban renewal, farm housing
35
Baker v. Carr
Supreme Court ruled that federal courts can review how seats are distributed in a state legislature
36
National Historic Preservation Act
- 1966
- protects historic sites from development
- response to impacts of urban renewal and highway projects
- established National Register of Historic Places and National Historic Landmarks Program
37
Dept. of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
- created in 1965
- mission is to make sure there is equal access to housing
- funds new housing, public housing, and housing rehab projects
38
Fair Housing Act
- 1968
- Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act
- prohibited discrimination on basis of race, color, religion, or national origin; gender, disability, and familial status added later
39
Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning (ACSP)
- 1969
- consortium of university planning depts and programs
40
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)
- 1970
- mandated federal agencies to consider environmental impacts
- Opened door to Clean Air Act of 1970, Clean Water Act of 1972, Endangered Species Act of 1973, and Superfund Act of 1980
41
Miami Valley Regional Planning Commission
- Dayton, OH
- in 1970, adopted first fair-share regional allocation plan for low- and mod-income housing
- established housing goals for local govt's
42
Oakwood at Madison, Inc. v. Township of Madison
- NJ judge ruled that Madison Township's zoning ordinance was illegal for preventing 90% residents in region from getting housing
- First time zoning ordinance was invalidated for being exclusionary
43
Community Development Block Grant Program (CDBG)
- created in 1974 by the Housing and Community Dev. Act
- Block of flexible community dev. fund is distributed
- Act created Section 8
44
Cleveland Plan
- 1975
- groundbreaking comp. plan that focused on social issues
45
Southern Burlington County NAACP v. Mt Laurel Township
- 1975
- NJ Supreme Court ruled that township must have aff. housing plan
- first case to ban exlusionary zoning that prevent dev. of aff. housing
46
Hawaii State Planning Act
- 1978
- first state with statewide zoning
47
Penn Central Transportation v. NYC
- 1978
- Supreme Court ruled that restrictions on dev. due to historic landmark do not constitute takings
- PCT wanted to build office on top of Grand Central Term.
48
American Planning Association (APA)
- formed 1978
- AIP and ACPO merged
49
New Urbanism
- Movement focused on walkable neighborhoods, sustainability, traditional neighborhood design, and transit-oriented development
- Seaside, FL: first New Urbanist Town built in 1981
50
Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC)
- Created in 1986 under Tax Reform Act
- gives tax incentives to developers for affordable housing
- responsible for 90% of all aff. housing built in US
51
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
- 1990
- protects Americans from discrimination based on physical or mental disabilities
52
HOPE VI
- 1991 by HUD
- offers grants to revamp public housing into mixed-income housing
- followed tenets of New Urbanism
- criticized for encouraging gentrification
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