Plant Anatomy and Morphology

Question 1

Cell wall

Answer 1

Provides cell structure, composed of fiber matrix and pectin, (woody) lignin. Surrounds cell membrane and functions as giving cell structure.

Question 2

Cell membrane

Answer 2

Inside cell wall. Regulates what goes in and out of cell.

Question 3

Central Vacuole

Answer 3

Membrane bound storage structure unique to plant cells. May occupy large volume of mature cell and contain water, pigments, waste, etc.

Question 4

Turgor Pressure

Answer 4

Amount of h2o in vacuole controls support (rigid vs. wilted)

Question 5

Plastids

Answer 5

Structure. Defined by contents and function. Proplastids, Leucoplasts, Amyloplasts, Chromoplasts, and Cholorplasts.

Question 6

Proplastids

Answer 6

Undifferentiated. No function yet.

Question 7

Leucoplasts

Answer 7

General storage

Question 8

Amyloplasts

Answer 8

Stores starch

Question 9

Chromoplasts

Answer 9

Contain pigments– carotenoids & anthocyanins

Question 10

Choloroplasts

Answer 10

Fuction– PHOTOSYNTHESIS!

Question 11

Tissues

Answer 11

Plant tissues are groups of cells arranged for specific functions. Dermal, vascular, and ground.

Question 12

Dermal tissue

Answer 12

Outermost cell layers. Protection and regulation. tricomes, root hairs, and guard cells

Question 13

Vascular tissue

Answer 13

For transport and support! Xylem and Phloem

Question 14

Xylem

Answer 14

Moves water and soil nutrients (NPK) passively (NO ENERGY). Tracheids and Vessel elements– both dead at maturity/dead to function. inner part of vascular bundle.

Question 15

Phloem

Answer 15

Moves food (sugar) actively (energy used to transport). Companion cells load and unload sugar from sieve tube members (nearly hollow at maturity). Alive cells but short-lived.

Question 16

Ground Tissue

Answer 16

Generally the tissue between the dermal and vascular bundles. In a young plant, might occupy much of the plant body. In older plants, found primarily in leaves and the youngest growth. Contains cells where photosynthesis occur (cells w/chloroplasts).

Question 17

Stems

Answer 17

Plant organ for conduction, support, and storage.

Question 18

Leaf

Answer 18

Plant organ where most/all gas exchange and photosynthesis occurs. Blade and petiole attached to stem (node) & make up whole leaf.

Question 19

Palisade Mesophyll cells

Answer 19

Just under the upper epidermis, pallisade cells contain the largest number of chloroplast cells, making them the primary site of photosynthesis. Cylindrical and positions under the top surface of the leaf.

Question 20

Spongy Mesophyll cells

Answer 20

consists of irregularly shaped parenchyma cells which are located between the palisade mesophyll and the abaxial (lower) epidermis. They contain less chloroplast than the palisade cells but photosynthesis takes place. There are many intercellular air spaces between the spongy mesophyll cells which are interconnected and communicate with the stomata of the abaxial epidermis. This allows the food-producing cells of the leaf (the mesophyll) to access the gases (carbon dioxide - CO2 and oxygen - O2) which they need for photosynthesis and respiration.

Question 21

Stomata

Answer 21

Purpose- gas exchange. water and O2 exits, CO2 comes in.
Structure- two guard cells. When turgor (full of water) they are pushed apart from each other- it is open. When they loose water, the turgor pressure is lost and they collapse against each other, closing the pore. This is highly regulated and happens over and over again.

Question 22

Meristems

Answer 22

Areas of active cell division. Areas of growth, taller, wider, longer.

Question 23

Apical Meristems

Answer 23

At the tip of a stem, root - producing new cells for that area.

Question 24

Cambium Meristem

Answer 24

Produces the cells of the xylem and phloem (all the cells of the vascular tissue). How plants have lateral growth/get wider

Question 25

Intercalary Meristem

Answer 25

Allows grasses to continue to get longer, through the leaf (blade)

Question 26

Flower

Answer 26

Purpose- to facilitate the mixing of genes between individuals, to ensure reproduction.

Question 27

Methods of pollination

Answer 27

Wind (no petals– petals are for attracting animal pollinators).
Animal pollinators– bees, bats, hummingbirds, butterflies
*Flower turns to fruit that makes seeds. ALL of them. very rare of us to be interested in non flowering plants.

Question 28

Whorls

Answer 28

Concentric circles– sepals, petals, anthers, carpel.

Question 29

Anther

Answer 29

Contains pollen grain (which contain sperm). Plant balls.

Question 30

Filament

Answer 30

Supports the anthers… ballsack stem.

Question 31

Stamen

Answer 31

The filaments+anthers= the stamens

Question 32

Stigma

Answer 32

top of style– where pollen lands (usually sticky) and is taken down to the ovary through the style.

Question 33

Style

Answer 33

Connects the stigma to the ovary

Question 34

Ovary

Answer 34

Contains the ovule (egg). can be more than 1.

Question 35

Carpel

Answer 35

entire female part

Question 36

Complete Flower

Answer 36

flower with all 4 whorls

Question 37

Incomplete Flower

Answer 37

missing one or more whorls

Question 38

Perfect Flower

Answer 38

Have both stamen and carpel at least. whorls dont matter.

Question 39

Imperfect Flower

Answer 39

Missing the stamen or carpel, whorls don’t matter

Question 40

Monoecious

Answer 40

“In one house” the male and female flowers are on the same plant, but not on the same flower (corn)

Question 41

Dioecious

Answer 41

Male flowers are on one plant, and the female flowers are on another (male/female entire plants)

Question 42

Buds

Answer 42

Protect dormant shoots or flowers.

Question 43

Deciduous (buds)

Answer 43

a lot of visible buds

Question 44

Evergreens (buds)

Answer 44

Tiny buds

Question 45

Vegetative bud

Answer 45

Compressed stems with leaves, developed, ready to expand, but is protected by bud until it’s ready

Question 46

Roots (4 main functions)

Answer 46

Absorb, Anchor/Support, Store, and Synthesize

Question 47

Tap & lateral roots

Answer 47

One main root, secondary lateral roots

Question 48

Fibrous Roots system

Answer 48

Do not have a single dominant root (all roots are adventitious– grow from stem). Many principle roots which are similar in size

Question 49

Root cap

Answer 49

protects root apical meristem from the soil, slime coat

Question 50

Rhizosphere

Answer 50

The location where the root system epidermis interacts with the media (soil, air, and h20)

Question 51

Plug production

Answer 51

Used in vegetable and flower production (controls seed and production cost). Relies on soil-less media. Transplant shock (when plant stops growing right after transplant) can be avoided with good strong plugs (roots intact) and well watered.