Plant Anatomy and Transport [ chapter 35 ]

Question 1

What are the two types of plant body systems?

Answer 1

(1) . Root system –> below ground

(2) . Shoot system–> above ground

Question 2

List the 4 characteristics of the plant body Systems

Answer 2

(1. ) cells
(2. ) tissues
(3) . 3 tissue systems
a. ground
b. vascular
c. dermal
(4) . organs

Question 3

Tissues

Answer 3

• groups of cells

- function together to carry out a particular activity

Question 4

ground tissue system

Answer 4

responsible for photosynthesis, storage, & support

Question 5

vascular tissue system

Answer 5

conduction of materials; supports body

Question 6

dermal tissue system

Answer 6

the plant’s outer protective covering

–> forms the 1st line of defense against physical damage & pathogens

Question 7

organs

Answer 7

consist of all 3 tissue systems

-ex: roots, stems, leaves, flowers, fruit

Question 8

List the 4 main plant organs

Answer 8

(1. ) roots
(2. ) primary root
(3. ) stem
(4. ) leaves

Question 9

Roots

Answer 9

• anchor plant to the ground
• absorb water & nutrients from the soil
• storage
  
  • -> (store carbs & other reserves)

Question 10

List the 3 things that the primary root consists of

Answer 10

(1. ) root hairs
(2. ) taproot system
(3. ) fibrous root system

Question 11

Characteristics of Primary root

Answer 11

• originates in seed embryo
• FIRST root to emerge [ when seed germinates]
• As seedling grows,
  
  • -> LATERAL roots are produced

Question 12

lateral roots

Answer 12

• branch from primary root
• spread through soil
• helps anchor plant

Question 13

root hairs

Answer 13

• thin, finger-like extensions of root epidermal cells
• near tips of the roots
• increase quite significantly SURFACE AREA of roots
  - –> ABSORPTION

Question 14

what kind of plants have a taproot system?

Answer 14

TALL plants

Question 15

taproot

Answer 15

• one main vertical root
• NO FUNCTION in absorption
• SUPPORT
  
  • -> allows plant to grow really tall
  • -> prevents it from toppling over
  • -> ACCESS TO LIGHT
• STORAGE

Question 16

fibrous root system

Answer 16

• thick mat of slender roots –> spread out
• when primary root dies:
  
  • ->NO TAPROOT
• -> small roots emerge from stem
  - ->ADVENTITIOUS ROOTS
  - -> roots that are growing from an unsual source–from stem
• MONOCOTS

Question 17

What does the stem do?

List the 4 structures of the stem

Answer 17

• The stem = bears leaves & buds
• 4 structures
  (1) nodes
  (2) internodes
  (3) apical bud
  (4) axillary bud

Question 18

nodes

Answer 18

points at which leaves are attached

Question 19

internodes

Answer 19

between nodes

Question 20

apical bud

Answer 20

growing shoot tip

–> where most of the GROWTH of YOUNG SHOOT is going to TAKE PLACE

Question 21

axillary bud

Answer 21

forms LATERAL BRANCHES

Question 22

MAIN functions of the STEM

Answer 22

1. Elongate & orient shoot
   
   • allows it to become taller
   • maximizes its access to light
     
     • -> photosynthesis
2. Elevate Reproductive Structures
   
   • pollen
   • fruit
3. Green stems
   
   • color due to –> chloroplast
     
     • -> photosynthesis

Question 23

Alternative functions of the Stem

Answer 23

a. Food storage
b. Asexual reproduction
-some plants can produce another plant by the STEM growing and producing another plant
Examples:
-rhizomes
- stolons
- tubers
–> stems that have the potential of developing into a new plant

Question 24

Characteristics of LEAVES

List the 3 things it consists of

Answer 24

• main photosynthetic organ
• capture light, exchange gases

(1) blade
(2) petiole
(3) veins

Question 25

Blade

Answer 25

leaf-like

Question 26

Petiole

Answer 26

Stalk --> Attaches a leaf to a stem at a node [Grasses --> lack a petiole; instead, the blade wraps around the stem

Question 27

Veins

Answer 27

- vascular tissue in leaves - MONOCOTS - ->PARALLEL major veins - EUDICOTS - -> branched NETWORK of viens - MIDRIB --> MAJOR vein - network arises off of midrib

Question 28

List the 2 main types of leaves

Answer 28

1. simple leaf | 2. compound leaf

Question 29

Simple leaf

Answer 29

single, undivided blade

Question 30

Compound leaf

Answer 30

blade consists of multiple small leaves [leaflets] | --> might be MORE susceptible to TEARING by the WIND

Question 31

MODIFIED LEAVES

Answer 31

a. Tendrils i. coils --> help support plant b. Spines i. cactus c. Storage leaves i. Bulbs - -> underground stem with modified leaves - -> STORES FOOD ex: onion Reproduction - produce PLANTLETS - ->plantlets fall off of the leaf, land on soil, take root & become another plant

Question 32

Tissue systems characteristics [brief]

Answer 32

- CONTINUOUS throughout plant | - EACH ORGAN consists of ALL 3 systems

Question 33

DERMAL

Answer 33

- consists of: 1. non-woody plants 2. woody plants

Question 34

Non-woody plants

Answer 34

1. EPIDERMIS - -> single layer of tightly packed cells 2. CUTICLE - ->waxy covering - -> helps prevent water loss

Question 35

Woody plants

Answer 35

1. PERIDERM - -> replaces epidermis - in older regions of roots & stems

Question 36

FUNCTIONS of Dermal tissue system

Answer 36

[vary depending where you are in plant body 1. ROOT HAIRS - ->ABSORPTION 2. GUARD CELLS - -> specialized epidermal cells found in SHOOTS - ->regulate GAS EXCHANGE 3. TRICHOMES - -> specialized epidermal cells located in SHOOTS - ->In DESERT SPECIES - REDUCE water loss - REFLECT excess sunlight - -> to keep their temperature down - -> DEFEND AGAINST INSECTS

Question 37

Root Hairs

Answer 37

ABSORPTION

Question 38

Guard Cells

Answer 38

- specialized epidermal cells found in SHOOTS | - regulate GAS EXCHANGE

Question 39

Trichomes

Answer 39

specialized epidermal cells located in SHOOTS - -> In DESERT species - help reduce water loss - reflect excess sunlight - -->DEFEND against insects

Question 40

List FUNCTIONS of Vascular tissue system

Answer 40

--> transport materials --> Support (mechanical support) so that the plant doesn't fall

Question 41

What are the two types of vascular tissues?

Answer 41

1. Xylem | 2. Phloem