Plant Anatomy - Evolutionary Perspective

Question 1

When did plants arise and from what?

Answer 1

Over 440 Million years ago from Green algae.

Question 2

What is the evidence that plants came from green algae?

Answer 2

Pigmentation, cell walls containing cellulose, starch stored in plastids.

Question 3

What organisms have a ground tissue system?

Answer 3

All Plants and Algae

Question 4

What organisms have a Dermal tissue system?

Answer 4

All Plants.

Question 5

What organisms have a Vascular Tissue System?

Answer 5

Some plants.

Question 6

What is Parenchyma tissue? Is it simple or complex? Where is it found?

Answer 6

Simple tissue found in the Ground tissue system. Made up of Parenchyma cells.

Question 7

Describe Parenchyma cells.

Answer 7

Parenchyma cells are living, undifferentiated plant cells usually lacking a secondary cell wall. They are Totipotent.

Question 8

Describe Sclerenchyma cells. Where are they found?

Answer 8

Develop a secondary wall and serve to support and protect the plant. Sclerenchyma cells are found in all three tissue systems. Fibers.

Question 9

What is the Xylem and what does it include?

Answer 9

It is a complex tissue that include tracheary elements.

Question 10

Which cell is bigger: Parenchyma or Collenchyma?

Answer 10

Parenchyma cells.

Question 11

What are the two types of tracheary elements?

Answer 11

1. Tracheids. 2. Vessel elements.

Question 12

What are Tracheids?

Answer 12

Less specialized type of conducting cell. Do not have perforations.

Question 13

What are Vessel elements?

Answer 13

They, unlike Tracheids, contain perforations, which are areas lacking both primary and secondary walls.

Question 14

What are Perforation Plates?

Answer 14

They are the part of the wall bearing the perforation(s).

Question 15

What are the principle conducting cells of the phloem?

Answer 15

Sieve elements.

Question 16

What are the two types of Sieve elements?

Answer 16

1. Sieve cells. 2. Sieve tube elements.

Question 17

What are sieve-tube elements associated with?

Answer 17

Specialized Parenchyma cells called: Companion cells

Question 18

What tissues that comprise the Xylem are dead and which are alive?

Answer 18

Dead: Vessels, tracheids (Tracheary elements), xylem fibers. Alive: Certain Parenchyma cells.

Question 19

What are Sieve cells associated with? What is it made up of?

Answer 19

Albuminous cells. Which are comprised of specialized Parenchyma cells.

Question 20

What is a main difference between sieve cells and sieve tube elements?

Answer 20

Sieve tube elements contain sieve plates.

Question 21

What are sieve tubes?

Answer 21

The end on end, in a longitudinal series of stacked sieve tube elements.

Question 22

What function do Parenchyma cells serve in the Xylem?

Answer 22

Storage.

Question 23

What function do fibers have in the Xylem?

Answer 23

Support; sometimes storage.

Question 24

What function do Sclerenchyma (Fibers; Sclereids) cells have in the Phloem?

Answer 24

Support, sometimes storage.

Question 25

What are the 2 tissues in the dermal tissue system?

Answer 25

1. Epidermis. 2. Periderm.

Question 26

What are the 3 types of tissues in the ground tissue system?

Answer 26

1. Parenchyma. 2. Collenchyma. 3. Sclerenchyma.

Question 27

What are sclereids comprised of?

Answer 27

Sclerenchyma

Question 28

What is the Cohesion-Tension Theory?

Answer 28

Water is pulled up the tracheary elements, because water molecules stick together (cohere) via hydrogen bonds.

Question 29

What elements of the Xylem only has pits?

Answer 29

Tracheids.

Question 30

What is Primary Growth?

Answer 30

Elongates the axis of a plant.

Question 31

What is Secondary Growth?

Answer 31

Increases the girth of the plant.

Question 32

Where is cell division limited to in plants?

Answer 32

Regions of parenchyma cells call meristems.

Question 33

What are the 3 types of meristems?

Answer 33

1. Apical. 2. Lateral. 3. Intercalary.

Question 34

What do Apical Meristems do?

Answer 34

They extend the length of the plant body.

Question 35

What do Lateral Meristems do?

Answer 35

They extend the gridth of a stem or root.

Question 36

What are Intercalary Meristems?

Answer 36

These are regions of growth situated between two regions of mature (non-growing) tissue. (This is how grass grows upwards).

Question 37

What is the Protoderm?

Answer 37

It matures to form the epidermis.

Question 38

What does the ground meristem form?

Answer 38

Ground Tissue.

Question 39

What does the Procambium form into?

Answer 39

Forms vascular system.

Question 40

How does branching occur in the root?

Answer 40

From within a tissue layer called the Pericycle.

Question 41

What type(s) of cells make up the pith?

Answer 41

Just Parenchyma

Question 42

What type(s) of cells make up the cortex?

Answer 42

Parenchyma and Collenchyma