Plant Bio Terms/Important Info

Question 1

5 major clades of fungi

Answer 1

chytridiomycota
zygomycota
glomeromycota
ascomycota
basediomycota

Question 2

chytridiomycota

Answer 2

flagellated spores

some of the earliest fungal groups to diverge from other fungi

Question 3

zygomycota

Answer 3

resistant zygosporangium as sexual stage

fruit and bread mold

Question 4

glomeromycota

Answer 4

form mycorrhizae with plant roots

Question 5

ascomycota

Answer 5

sexual spores borne internally in sacs (sac fungi)
also produce large amounts of asexual spores
75% of all known fungi

Question 6

basediomycota

Answer 6

elaborate fruiting body

long-lived, heterokaryotic stage

Question 7

photoautotroph

Answer 7

energy source is sunlight

carbon source is co2

Question 8

chemoautotroph

Answer 8

energy source is inorganic molecules

carbon source is co2

Question 9

chemoheterotroph

Answer 9

energy source is organic molecules

carbon source is organic molecules

Question 10

photoheterotroph

Answer 10

energy source is sunlight

carbon source is organic molecules

Question 11

animals have a _____mitosis

Answer 11

diploid

Question 12

fungi have a ___mitosis

Answer 12

haploid

Question 13

plants have a___mitosis

Answer 13

haplodiploid

Question 14

auxin

Answer 14

produced in apical meristem–elongating growth(mostly shoot)
transport down shoot to root
fruit develop without pollination
indirect inhibition of axillary buds
influence light response to light and gravity
lateral root formation

Question 15

cytokinins

Answer 15

produced in apical meristem (mostly root)
transport from root to shoot
promote cell division
axillary bud growth promotion
target plant dependent factors
growth largely impact ratio cytokinins:auxins

Question 16

giberellins

Answer 16

often produced young leaves, roots, shoots
stem elongation
promote seed germination
promote fruit enlargement
regulate root size

Question 17

abscisic acid

Answer 17

induce seed dormancy
inhibit germination to early
improve seed-dessication tolerance
stomata closing
promote leaf aging when plants go dominant in the winter
overall growth inhibition

Question 18

ethylene gas

Answer 18

fruit ripening (positive feedback)
triggers ripening of other fruits around it
stimulate flower production
signal onset leaf aging and abscission in deciduous plants

Question 19

extremophiles

Answer 19

archaea

Question 20

hyphae

Answer 20

tubular filaments of high surface area/volume ratio=enhances absorption
make up fruiting body called mycellium
cytosol or cytoplasm can move freely within hyphae

Question 21

syngamy

Answer 21

fusion of gametes

Question 22

secondary endosymbiosis explains___

Answer 22

presence of plastids

Question 23

daiatoms

Answer 23

unicellular
cell walls composed of silica
two halves like petridish
fixes carbon
can sink into ocean floor, help take away co2=reduce global warming
reproduce asexually
freshwater and marine

Question 24

golden algae

Answer 24

unicellular
close to diatoms and brown algae
freshwater and marine
color due to pigments

Question 25

brown algae

Answer 25

``` marine algae including kelps secondary endosymbiosis occur in intertidal zone and in deep water keystone taxa in aquatic ecology evolved plant-like growth independence polysaccharides slow desiccation ```

Question 26

red algae

Answer 26

primary endosymbiosis mostly seaweeds, often reddish from pigments closely related to green algae reddish pigments absorb light in blue/green wavelengths, penetrate deepest in water high rate of photosynthesis in blue and red spectrum blue, short waves penetrate deeply no plastids

Question 27

green algae

Answer 27

unicellular to multicellular primary endosymbiosis marine, freshwater, snow-fields no plastids

Question 28

euglenoid

Answer 28

single cell no cell wall flagellated

Question 29

early plant adaptations to land

Answer 29

``` dessication-resistant spores stomata cuticle gametangia embryo fungal associations secondary chemistry ```

Question 30

vascular plant innovations

Answer 30

``` dominant sporophyte cuticle vascular tissue tracheids (lignified xylary conducting cells) branched sporophyte roots ```

Question 31

biotic pollination

Answer 31

attractants, rewards | pollin vs nectar

Question 32

further reduction of gametophyte generation

Answer 32

angio sperm= sperm only 3 cells

Question 33

fruit types

Answer 33

simple aggregate accessory

Question 34

simple

Answer 34

1 ovary of 1 flower

Question 35

aggregate

Answer 35

multiple vraies on 1 flower strawberry raspberry

Question 36

accessory

Answer 36

fleshy organ is not derived from ovary strawberry pineapple

Question 37

pollination syndrome

Answer 37

moth=flower is white, sweet butterfly=flower is colorful, sweet bird=flower is reddish, no scent bat=flower is white or pale, fruity or musky fly=flower is reddish and lightly-spotted, rotten wind-pollinated=petals small or absent

Question 38

nutritive seed tissue

Answer 38

gymnosperms=gametophyte 2N eudicots=cotyledons 2N monocots=endosperm 3N

Question 39

tissue systems

Answer 39

dermal vascular ground

Question 40

dermal tissue

Answer 40

guard cells | periderm

Question 41

vascular tissue

Answer 41

xylem and phloem lignin secondary walls xylem=tracheids and vessel elements phloem=sieve tube elements and companion cells

Question 42

ground tissue

Answer 42

includes cells specialized for photosynthesis, storage, and support parenchyma=thin walls, protoplast, potential for division collenchyma=thick, but flexible; support but still growth sclerenchyma=rigid support, no elongation=lignin secondary wall

Question 43

modified stems

Answer 43

stolon=strawberry bulb=onion tubers=potato (eyes)

Question 44

modified leaves

Answer 44

tendrils=support for climbing spines=cacti=protection water-storage=succulents trap leaves=absorb nitrogen

Question 45

wood

Answer 45

secondary xylem

Question 46

bark

Answer 46

secondary phloem and periderm | produced at slower rate

Question 47

three zones of primary growth

Answer 47

division, elongation, differentiation

Question 48

apoplast

Answer 48

around protoplast/cytoplasm

Question 49

symplast

Answer 49

within cytoplasm

Question 50

casparian strips

Answer 50

prevent apoplectic movement

Question 51

passive transport

Answer 51

diffusion across membrane

Question 52

active transport

Answer 52

movement of a solute across membrane against concentration gradient

Question 53

bulk flow

Answer 53

movement of a fluid due to differences in pressure | rapid, long-distance

Question 54

short-day plants

Answer 54

grow when night increases past critical threshold

Question 55

long-day plants

Answer 55

grow when night decreases critical threshold

Question 56

brassinosteroids

Answer 56

cell division differentiation so similar to auxin, barely distinctive