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BB10006 Cell and Molecular Biology > Plant Development > Flashcards

Plant Development Flashcards

(42 cards)

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1
Q

Differences between plant and animal life cycles

A

1) Post embryonic development
2) Cell movement and planes of division
3) Totipotency

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2
Q

What occurs in Post Embryonic development in plants?

A
  • higher plant embryos don’t contain any of the organs found in the adult
  • plant embryos simple structure of cotyledons and axis
  • plant organs are generated by meristems during post embryonic development
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3
Q

Difference between Post Embryonic Development in plants and animals?

A
  • in higher animals most of the organs formed during embryogenesis , whereas in plants embryos don’t contain any of the organs found in the adult.
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4
Q

Role of a cotyledon

A

protect leaves as it’s pushing through the soil

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5
Q

Explain the cell movement and division planes in plants during plant development.

A
  • plants have cell walls in place so cells cannot move or migrate during embryonic development
  • Plant cells divide
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6
Q

Difference between plants and animals regarding cell movement and division.

A
  • in animals cells can move and migrate as no cell walls
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7
Q

Example of a free cell in plants

A
  • Pollen
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8
Q

Two types of division in cell movement and division planes in plants.

A

Anticlinal : divides at right angles to surface

Periclinal : divisions parallel to the surface

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9
Q

Explain the totipotency differences between plants and animals

A
  • most animals cant regenerate from body parts but plants can from vegetative parts
  • fully differentiated plants can dedifferentiate then redifferentiate into a new plant
  • plant cells remain totipotent
  • not irreversibly committed to specific course of development
  • they’re sessile, meristems
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10
Q

What do meristems allow plants to do??

A

Live longer due to vegetative reproduction

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11
Q

What happens in stage one of Embryogenesis?

A

POLLINATION/FERTILISATION

  • Pollen enters female reproductive organ through tube
  • makes way into ovary
  • double fertilisation occurs; one of sperm fertilises central cell, other fertilised egg
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12
Q

What happens in stage two of Embryogenesis?

A

EMBRYO/ENDOSPERM

- Two celled proembryo goes to a globular embryo which goes to a heart embryo which goes to a walking stick embryo

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13
Q

What happens in stage three of Embryogenesis?

A

FIRST ZYGOTIC DIVISION

- Asymmetric, produces small apical cell and large basal cell

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14
Q

Fates of the Basal and apical cell after stage three (FIRST ZYGOTIC DIVISION) of Embryogenesis

A

Basal - suspensor

Apical - embryo

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15
Q

How do cells learn their fate?

A
  • specific cell types develop in specific places

- position and identity are linked

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16
Q

Definition of Development

A

Emergence of organised structures from an initially simple group of cells.

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17
Q

What is the ABC model for the regulation of pattern in the flower?

Study These Flashcards
A

WHORL 1 - Sepal
WHORL 2 - Petal
WHORL 3 - Stamen
WHORL 4 - Carpel

18
Q

Function of sepal

Study These Flashcards
A
  • protect flower as it develops (leafy part of plant)
19
Q

Function of stamen

Study These Flashcards
A
  • male part of plant made up of long stalks called filaments

- anther producing pollen

20
Q

Function of carpel

Study These Flashcards
A
  • female part of flower, wide ovary at base
  • sticky stigma
  • eggs produced
21
Q

How was the ABC model derived?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • from homeotic mutants of Arabidopsis
  • mutants were induced using chemicals and ionising radiation then the phenotype was studied to see the effects
  • model based on 4 floral homeotic mutants so 4 genes which each code for model in a certain way
22
Q

What is a homeotic mutant?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • a functional organ in the wrong place eg petal in wrong place
23
Q

What is a hermaphrodite?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • plant self fertilizes
24
Q

What is a wild type?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • an allele which encodes phenotype most common in natural population
25
What is the AP2 mutant?
Whorl 1 - Carpel Whorl 2 - Stamen Whorl 3/4 - wild type
26
What is the AP3pi mutant?
Whorl 1 - Wild type Whorl 2 - Sepal Whorl 3 - Carpel Whorl 4 - Wild type
27
What is the AG mutant?
Whorl 1/2 - Wild type Whorl 3 - Petal Whorl 4 - Sepal NO REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
28
ABC model has how many fields?
3 fields, ABC within the meristem. | - on a and c there's repressor bars as theyre antagonistic to each other - cadastral genes
29
What would be the phenotype if double mutant wiping AP3pi and AP2 occurred?
Carpels all along whorls
30
What would be the phenotype if double mutant wiping AP3pi and AG occurred?
Sepals all along whorl
31
What would be the phenotype if triple mutant wiping AP3pi and AP2 and AG occurred?
Leaves in all whorls
32
What was the first floral homeotic gene identified in Arabidopsis?
Agamous
33
What are the transcription factors in the agamous DNA?
MCM1, AG, DEFA, SRF
34
What is the conserved region called in the Agamous DNA?
MADS box AP3pi - MADS box proteins AP2 - MADS box transcription factor
35
What are genetic switches and what do they do?
- impose identify fate of plant - activate a cascade of genes that build organ type e. g. AP3 pi only in whorls 2/3
36
Example of the green revolution
- reduced height genes introduced in wheat to increase yield of desired part of plant
37
What is the role of gibberellins?
- To control stem elongation - in stems GA stimulates division and elongation Fungus giberlla causes Foolsih Seedling disease
38
What occurs in dwarfing genes in Arabidopsis Thaliand?
- Gibberellic acid insensitive mutants are dwarf - GA treatment doesn't restore height - GAI protein inhibits stem elongation - GA binds to GAI causing its inactivation - GAI encodes mutant protein that cant bind so GA retains function and dwarf plants occur.
39
What occurs in wheat dwarfing genes?
- GR wheat has 2 reduced height genes (Rht-B and Rht- D) - Rht-B/D cloned from wheat by fishing with Arabidopsis GAI genes - Rht-B/D genes have single nucleotide changes which creates stop codons, leading to synth of short proteins - These cant bind to GA but retain repressor acitivity so short stems are the result .
40
Double fertilisation means that
one sperm is needed to fertilise the egg, and a second sperm is needed to fertilise the two polar nuclei of the central cell of the female gametophyte.
41
Arabidopsis thaliana is a plant used by scientists as a model organism. Feature of this plant include...
Ability to self-fertilise A diploid genome consisting of 10 chromosomes A rapid life cycle of approximately 10 weeks under laboratory conditions
42
The ABC model for flower development in Arabidopsis has 2 key features...
Requires a combination of ABC homeotic genes expression to select the appropriate organ type. Regulatory antagonism exists between some ABC homeotic genes

BB10006 Cell and Molecular Biology (5 decks)

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