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Plant Physiology > Plant Growth And Development > Flashcards

Plant Growth And Development Flashcards

1
Q

Growth is regarded as…

A

Fundamental and visible(conspicuous)character of organisms

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2
Q

It is accompanied by 1….2…..

A

Catabolic and anabolic processes

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3
Q

Growth?

A

Growth is an irreversible permanent increase in size of an organ or its parts or even a single cell

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4
Q

Growth occur at an expense of….

A

Energy

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5
Q

Plant growth indeterminate/determinate?

A

Indeterminate

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6
Q

The growth is unique because

A

Plants retain the capacity for unlimited growth throughout their life.

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7
Q

This ability of the plants is due to the presence
of ……at certain locations in their body

A

This ability of the plants is due to the presence
of meristems at certain locations in their body

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8
Q

The cells of such meristems
have the capacity to …… and self……

A

The cells of such meristems
have the capacity to divide and self-perpetuate.

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9
Q

The product which looses the capacity to divide such cells make up?

A

The product, however,
soon loses the capacity to divide and such cells make up the plant body.They differentiate and mature.

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10
Q

Open form of growth ?

A

This form of growth wherein new cells are always being added to the
plant body by the activity of the meristem is called the open form of growth.

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11
Q

Shoot and root apical meristems are principlly responsible

A

primary growth of the plants

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12
Q

Shoot and root apical meristems principally contribute?

A

to the elongation of the plants along
their axis. Means increase in girth of dicot root and dicot stem.

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13
Q

In dicotyledonous plants and gymnosperms 1…2…3…appear later in life?

A

lateral meristems,
vascular cambium and cork-cambium appear
later in life.

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14
Q

Meristems which cause increase in girth In later life of a plant? In which they are active/not active ?

A

lateral meristems,
vascular cambium and cork-cambium that cause
the increase in the girth of the organs in which
they are active.

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15
Q

Growth, at a cellular level, is principally a
consequence of

A

increase in the amount of
protoplasm.

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16
Q

Growth is, therefore,
measured by a variety of parameters some of
which are:1 2 3 4 5 6 ?

A

1) increase in fresh weight
2) dry weight,
3)length
4) area
5) volume
6) cell number.
expressed as increase in cell number;

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17
Q

one single maize
root apical mersitem can give rise…

A

to more than
17,500 new cells per hour

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18
Q

cells in a
watermelon may increase in size by upto

A

3,50,000 times

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19
Q

In the former, growth is
expressed as increase in…

A

increase in cell number

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20
Q

The latter expresses growth as

A

expresses growth as increase in size of the cell.

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21
Q

While the growth of a pollen tube is measured
in terms of its…

A

length

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22
Q

Increase in surface area
denotes the growth in …

A

dorsiventral leaf

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23
Q

The period of growth is generally divided into
three phases…

A

meristematic
elongation
maturation

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24
Q

The
constantly dividing cells, both at the root apex
and the shoot apex, represent the

A

meristematic
phase of growth

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25
Q

The cells in meristematic region are rich in…

A

protoplasm

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26
Q

The cells of meristematic region posses..

A

possess large conspicuous
nuclei

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27
Q

The cell walls of meristematic region are…in nature 1…2..with..3

A

primary in nature,thin and cellulosic with abundant
plasmodesmatal connections

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28
Q

The cells
proximal (just next, away from the tip) to the
meristematic zone represent the

A

phase of elongation.

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29
Q

1..2..3..are the
characteristics of the cells in elongation phase.

A

Increased
vacuolation, cell enlargement and new cell wall deposition

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30
Q

Further away from the apex, i.e.,
more proximal to the phase of elongation, lies the…. which is
undergoing the phase of….

A

Further away from the apex, i.e.,
more proximal to the phase of elongation, lies the portion of axis which is
undergoing the phase of maturation

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31
Q

The cells of meristematic zone, attain their
maximal size in terms of 1….nd 2…

A

wall thickening and protoplasmic modifications.

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32
Q

Most of the tissues and cell types represent …

A

Maturation phase.

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33
Q

Growth rate?

A

The increased growth per unit time is termed as growth rate.

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34
Q

Growth rate is expressed mathematically

A

Possible

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35
Q

An organism, or a part of the
organism can produce more cells in a variety of ways. a and b

A

(a) Arithmetic
(b) Geometric growth

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36
Q

The growth rate shows an increase that may be
1..or..2..

A

arithmetic
or
geometrical

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37
Q

In arithmetic growth, following mitotic cell
division
1)how many cells divide?
2)other cells 1)…&..2)…

A

1) only one daughter cell continues to divide
2)while the other differentiates and matures.

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38
Q

The
simplest expression of arithmetic growth is
exemplified by…

A

a root elongating at a constant rate.

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39
Q

On plotting the length of the
organ against time graph which type of curve is obtained?

A

linear curve is obtained

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40
Q

Mathematically, arithmetic growth expressed as…

A

Lt=L0 + rt

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41
Q

In eqn Lt= L0 + rt
Lt=?
L0= ?
r =?

A

Lt= L0 + rt
Lt= length at time ‘t’
L0 = length at time ‘zero’
r = growth rate / elongation per unit time

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42
Q

In most systems, the initial growth is ….
(lag phase), and it increases rapidly thereafter – at
…….

A

In most systems, the initial growth is slow
(lag phase), and it increases rapidly thereafter –* at
an exponential rate (log or exponential phase). *

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43
Q

Here,
both the progeny cells following mitotic cell division
retain the ability to ….and continue to….

A

Here,
both the progeny cells following mitotic cell division
retain the ability to divide and continue to do so.

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44
Q

However, with limited nutrient supply, the growth
…. leading to …… phase.

A

However, with limited nutrient supply, the growth
Slows down leading to a stationary phase.

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45
Q

If we plot
the parameter of growth against time, we get a typical….curve

A

sigmoid or S-curve

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46
Q

sigmoid curve
is a characteristic of living…

A

organism growing in a
natural environment.

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47
Q
A

It is typical for all cells, tissues
and organs of a plant.

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48
Q

exponential growth can be expressed as by eqn…

A

W1= W0 ert

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49
Q

W1= W0 ert here
W1= ?
W0 = ?
r = ?
t = ?
e=?

A

W1= final size (weight, height, number etc.)
W0 = initial size at the beginning of the period
r = growth rate
t = time of growth

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50
Q

e=?

A

e = base of natural logarithms
Here, r is the relative growth rate and is also the
measure of the ability of the plant to produce new
plant material, referred to as efficiency index.

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51
Q

efficiency index?

A

measure of the ability of the plant to produce new
plant material, referred to as efficiency index.

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52
Q

Final size of w1 depends on?

A

Wo= initial size

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53
Q

Quantitative comparisons between the growth of living system can
also be made in two ways :

A

(i)absolute growth rate. (ii) Relative Growth Rate

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54
Q

1)Absolute growth rate?

A

measurement and the comparison of total
growth per unit time is called the absolute growth rate.

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55
Q

2)Relative growth rate ?

A

The growth of
the given system per unit time expressed on a common basis, e.g., per
unit initial parameter is called the relative growth rate.

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56
Q

Essential elements for growth…1…2…&…3…

A

water
oxygen
&
nutrients

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57
Q

The plant cells grow in size by cell enlargement which
in turn requires ….

A

water

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58
Q

Turgidity of cells helps in …

A

Extension growth

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59
Q

Thus,
plant growth and further development is intimately linked ….

A

to the water
status of the plant

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60
Q

Water also provides the medium for ….
needed for …..

A

Water also provides the medium for enzymatic activities
needed for growth.

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61
Q

Oxygen helps in releasing metabolic energy essential
for ….

A

growth activities.

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62
Q

Nutrients (macro and micro essential elements) are
required by plants for the synthesis of ….and act as source of
….

A

synthesis of protoplasm and act as source of
energy.

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63
Q

every plant organism has an optimum ……
best suited for its growth.

A

temperature range

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64
Q

Any ….. from this range could be
…..

A

Deviation, detrimental for survival

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65
Q

Environmental signals such as …&…
also affect certain phases/stages of growth.

A

light and gravity

66
Q

The cells derived from root apical and shoot-apical meristems and
cambium differentiate and mature to

A

perform specific functions.

67
Q

differentiation=?

A

The cells derived from root apical and shoot-apical meristems and
cambium differentiate and mature to perform a specific function. This act leading to maturation is called diffentiation.

68
Q

During differentiation,
cells undergo few to major … both in their … and …

A

structural changes
cell walls and
protoplasm.

69
Q

For example, to form a tracheary element, the cells would
lose their protoplasm ex of?

A

Ex of differentiation

70
Q

They also develop a very strong, elastic
…..carry water to long distances even
under ….

A

lignocellulosic secondary cell walls, extreme tension.

71
Q

Dedifferentiation?

A

The living differentiated
cells, that by now have lost the capacity to divide can regain the capacity
of division under certain conditions. This phenomenon is termed as dedifferentiation

72
Q

For example, formation of meristems – interfascicular
cambium and cork cambium from fully differentiated parenchyma cells.
Ex of ?

A

Dedifferentiation

73
Q

.

A
74
Q

redifferentiation?

A

such meristems/tissues are able to divide and produce
cells that once again lose the capacity to divide but mature to perform
specific functions, i.e., get redifferentiated.

75
Q

tissues in a
woody dicotyledenous plant that are the products of redifferentiation.

A
76
Q

growth in plants
is open, i.e., it can be
…

A

it can be indeterminate or determinate.

77
Q

cells positioned away from root apical
meristems differentiate as ….

A

root-cap cells

78
Q

even differentiation in plants is open, because

A

because cells/tissues arising out of
the same meristem have different structures at maturity.

79
Q

The final
structure at maturity of a cell/tissue is also determined by the …

A

location of
the cell within.

80
Q

cells positioned away from root apical
meristems differentiate as

A

Root cap cells

81
Q

while those pushed to the
periphery mature as …

A

epidermis.

82
Q

Development?

A

Development is a term that includes all changes that an organism goes
through during its life cycle from germination of the seed to senescence.

83
Q

Plasticity,?

A

Plants follow different pathways in response to environment or phases
of life to form different kinds of structures. This ability is called plasticity.

84
Q

Plasticity ex
1
2
3

A

1)heterophilly in cotton
2)coriander
3)larkspur

85
Q

In such plants, the
leaves of the … are different in shape from those in … plants

A

juvenile plant,
mature
plants

86
Q

difference in shapes of leaves produced in air
and those produced in water in buttercup also ….

A

represent the
heterophyllous development due to environment

87
Q

phenomenon of heterophylly is an example of ….

A

plasticity

88
Q

…, ..and… are very closely related
events in the life of a plant.

A

growth, differentiation and development

89
Q

Development in plants (i.e., both growth
and differentiation) is under the control of …and… factors.

A

intrinsic and extrinsic

90
Q

Intrinsic factors

A

includes both intracellular (genetic) or intercellular factors
(chemicals such as plant growth regulators)

91
Q

Extrensic factors

A

light,
temperature,
water,
oxygen,
nutrition, etc

92
Q

The plant growth regulators (PGRs) are small, simple molecules of diverse
…..composition.

A

diverse
chemical composition.

93
Q

Plant growth regulators

A

indole compounds
adenine derivatives
derivatives of carotenoids
terpenes
gases

94
Q

Indole compounds

A

(indole-3-acetic
acid, IAA)

95
Q

adenine derivatives

A

(N6-furfurylamino purine, kinetin),

96
Q

derivatives of carotenoids

A

(abscisic acid, ABA)

97
Q

terpenes

A

(gibberellic acid,GA3)

98
Q

gases

A

(ethylene, C2H4).

99
Q

Plant growth regulators are variously
described as

A

plant growth substances, plant hormones or phytohormones
in literature.

100
Q

The PGRs can be broadly divided into two groups based on their
functions in a living plant body.

A

Plant growth promoter and plant growth inhibitor

101
Q

Plant growth promoters

A

1Auxin
2Gibberelline
3Cytokinine

102
Q

Growth promoting activities 1-7

A

1.Cell division
2.Cell enlargement
3.Pattern formation
4.Tropic growth
5.Flowering
6.Fruiting
7.Seed form

103
Q

Plant growth inhibitor

A

1.Abscissic acid (carotenoid)
2.ethylene

104
Q

Growth inhibiting activities

A

1.Dormancy
2.Abscisaion

105
Q

The PGRs of the other group play an important role in plant responses to …

A

responses to wounds and stresses of biotic and abiotic origin.

106
Q

The gaseous
PGR, ethylene, could fit either of the groups, but it is …

A

largely an inhibitor
of growth activities.

107
Q

the discovery of each of the five
major groups of PGRs have been …

A

accidental.

108
Q

Charles Darwin and his son Francis Darwin used which plant for their experiment of phototropism?

A

Canary grass

109
Q

the coleoptiles of canary grass
responded to ….

A

unilateral illumination by
growing towards the light source
(phototropism)

110
Q

(phototropism)

A

growing towards the light source

111
Q

it was concluded that the tip of coleoptile was
the site of

A

transmittable influence

112
Q

transmittable influence caused

A

Bending of the entire coleoptile

113
Q

Conclusion of experiment of phototropism is…

A

They proved bending due to a chemical substance but failed to give the name to that substance

114
Q

Auxin was isolated by …

A

F.W. Went

115
Q

Auxin was isolated by f.w went from tips of coleoptiles of

A

oat seedlings.

116
Q

Auxins (from Greek ‘auxein’ :

A

to grow)

117
Q

Auxin was first isolated from

A

human urine.

118
Q

The term ‘auxin’ is applied to the

A

indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)
and to other
natural and synthetic compounds having certain growth regulating
properties.

119
Q

They are generally produced by the

A

growing apices of the stems
and roots,

120
Q

from where they migrate to the regions of

A

their action.

121
Q

Auxins like…and… have been isolated from plants.

A

IAA and indole butyric acid (IBA)

122
Q

…and…
are synthetic auxins.

A

NAA (naphthalene acetic acid) and 2, 4-D (2, 4-dichlorophenoxyacetic)

123
Q

All these auxins have been used extensively in …and…

A

agricultural and horticultural practices.

124
Q

Auxin help to initiate rooting in …

A

stem cuttings

125
Q

stem cuttings, an application widely used for …

A

used for plant propagation.

126
Q

Auxins promote flowering in..

A

Pineapples

127
Q

They help to prevent ….and …drop at …. stages

A

Fruit and leaf drop at early stages

128
Q

but promote the
…of …leaves nd fruits

A

abscission older mature leaves and fruits

129
Q

Apical dominance is observed in

A

Higher plants

130
Q

Apical Dominance

A

In most higher plants, the growing apical bud inhibits the growth of
the lateral (axillary) buds, a phenomenon called apical dominance.

131
Q

Removal of shoot tips (decapitation) usually results

A

in the growth of lateral
buds also cause hedge formation due to this

132
Q

Auxins also induce par…..

A

Parthenocarpy

133
Q

Eg of parthenocarpy shown by auxin

A

Tomatoes

134
Q

Auxins are widely used as

A

herbicides.

135
Q

…widely used to kill dicotyledonous
weeds, does not affect … plants.

A

2, 4-D[2,4 dichlorophenoxy acetic acid] and 2,4,5-T[2,4,5,Trichlorophenoxy acetic acid] ,mature
monocotyledonous

136
Q

…. used to prepare
weed-free lawns by gardeners.

A

Auxin

137
Q

Auxin also
controls xy….

A

Xylem differentiation

138
Q

Auxin also help in

A

cell division

139
Q

Auxin prevents premature

A

fall of leaf

140
Q

Bonsai formation

A

Tall trees are restricted to short height and increase girth promoting branching also achieved by cutting tips

141
Q

Gibberellins are another kind of

A

promotory
PGR.

142
Q

There are more than… gibberellins reported from widely different organisms such…and…

A

100..,
as fungi and higher plants.

143
Q

They are denoted
as

A

GA1
, GA2
, GA3
and so on.

144
Q

…was one of the first
gibberellins to be discovered

A

Gibberellic acid (GA3
)

145
Q

Most studied gibberellic acid is

A

GA3

146
Q

All GAs are
…

A

acidic

147
Q

They produce a wide range of … in the plants.

A

physiological responses

148
Q

Their ability to cause an increase in length of axis is used to increase the….

A

length of grapes stalks.

149
Q

Gibberellins, cause fruits like … to …
and improve its …

A

Apple,elongate, shape

150
Q

They also delay … Thus, the fruits can
be left on the tree longer so as to …

A

senescence,
extend the market period.

151
Q

GA3 is used to
speed up the ..

A

malting process in brewing industry.

152
Q

Sugarcane stores … as sugar in their ..

A

carbohydrate,stems

153
Q

Thus,
increasing the yield by as much as

A

20 tonnes per acre.

154
Q

Spraying juvenile conifers with GAs …. period, thus
leading to …

A

hastens the maturity,
early seed production.

155
Q

Gibberellins also promotes bolting
(internode elongation just prior to flowering) in

A

beet,
cabbages
and
many
plants with rosette habit.

156
Q

Bakanae disease also called

A

Foolish seedlings

157
Q

Bakanae disease is a disease of ?

A

Rice seedlings

158
Q

Bakanae disease was caused by

A

Fungus called gibberella fujikuroi

159
Q

Bakanae disease was caused by

A

E.kurosawa 1926

160
Q

Symptoms if disease were appeared when treated with …

A

sterile filter ate of fungus

161
Q

The active substance later identified was

A

Gibberellic acid

Plant Physiology (2 decks)

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