Plant Growth- Stems and Leaves

Question 1

What are Rhizomes?

Answer 1

Underground horizontal stem that will grow continuously and will put out lateral shoots and adventitious

Question 2

What are the function(s) of stems?

Answer 2

Support- leaves
Transport- vascular veins
Photosynthesis

Question 3

What are the 4 main ‘parts’ of stems and what are their functions?

Answer 3

Terminal Bud- shoot apical meristem
Node- where leaves attach
Internode- segment between two nodes on stem
Axillary Bud- bud at the axial of each leaf with the ability to grow a shoot

Question 4

True or False: like root growth, stems also have a stem cap

Answer 4

False: There is no stem cap in stem growth (they’re not going underground)

Question 5

What organ(s) are created during stem growth? What are their function?

Answer 5

Stem- the stem of the plant
Leaf Primordia- will grow into a leaf when mature
Axillary Bud- sleeping flower bud

Question 6

What three sections are present in stem growth?

Answer 6

Zone of Division
Zone of Elongation
Zone of Differentiation

Question 7

In stem growth was section pushes the apex up above ground?

Answer 7

Zone of elongation

Question 8

What is the purpose in stem growth of the zone of division?

Answer 8

The zone of division is part of the shoot apical meristem and is where meristem cells divide to create more cells

Question 9

What does the zone of differentiation grow?

Answer 9

The stem organs and tissues

Question 10

True of False: stems have an indeterminate growth.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

The internodes do what during stem growth?

Answer 11

Elongate

Question 12

Looking at the cross section of eudicot stem, how are the vascular bundles arranged? How are the vascular bundles arranged in a monocot stem?

Answer 12

In a eudicot stem the vascular bundles are arranged around the outer edge of the stem near the epidermis. In the monocot the vascular bundles are arranged at random.

Question 13

In eudicot vascular bundles, what are the xylem and phloem adjacent to?

Answer 13

The Xylem is adjacent to the pith, and the Phloem is adjacent to the cortex

Question 14

True of False: in the ground tissue of both eudicot and monocot stems, the tissue includes Parenchyma cells, Collenchyma cells beneath the epidermis and Sclerenchyma cells around non-elongating cells

Answer 14

True

Question 15

Why are the terms ‘pith’ and ‘cortex’ not used when describing a monocot stem?

Answer 15

Since the vascular bundles are not arranged in a ring, there really is no centre to name the pith or empty space to name the cortex.

Question 16

What are the 4 types of modified stems?

Answer 16

Horizontal, underground, reduced and tubers

Question 17

What are the function(s) of leaves?

Answer 17

Photosynthesis
Transpiration
Gas Exchange
Reproduction

Question 18

True or False: The leaf Primordia is part of the root apical meristem

Answer 18

False: the leaf Primordia is part of the shoot apical meristem

Question 19

What is the vein that runs down the centre of the leaf called?

Answer 19

The midrib or midvein

Question 20

True or False: Leaves also practice indeterminate growth.

Answer 20

False: leaves practice determinate growth

Question 21

What are the 4 components of leaves, and what are their functions?

Answer 21

Petiole- the stalk that joins the leaf to the stem
Blade- extended part of the leaf or petal
Stipules- A leafy appendage found usually in pairs at or near the base of the petiole
Axillary bud- a bud that grows from the axial of a leaf and may develop into a branch or flower cluster

Question 22

If a leaf’s blade is not divided to the midvein even though it is lobed, what type of leaf is it?

Answer 22

A simple leaf

Question 23

If a leaf consists of several or many distinct parts (leaflets) joined to a single stem, what type of leaf is it?

Answer 23

A compound leaf

Question 24

What does the vascular tissue of a leaf contain?

Answer 24

The xylem and phloem

Question 25

What does the ground tissue of a leaf contain?

Answer 25

Palisade Mesophyll Spongy Mesophyll Sclerenchyma Fibers

Question 26

In the ground tissue, what cells are below the cuticle and epidermis, are vertically elongated, absorb light for photosynthesis?

Answer 26

Palisade Mesophyll

Question 27

What is the function of the Spongy Mesophyll? What do they look like?

Answer 27

Spongy Mesophyll cells are loosely arranged in irregular shapes with spaces between each cell for air movement and gas exchange.

Question 28

What supports most of the structure of the leaf?

Answer 28

Sclerenchyma cells

Question 29

In leaves the epidermis is interrupted by pores that allow the exchange of gases (O2 and CO2)- what are they called?

Answer 29

Stomata

Question 30

What are the stomata surrounded by? What is their function?

Answer 30

Stomata are surrounded by two guard cells that regulate the opening and closing of the pores.

Question 31

What are the 5 types of modified leaves?

Answer 31

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Question 32

Secondary Growth grows two new meristems in plants- what do these meristems produce?

Answer 32

The vascular cambian and cork cambian

Question 33

What does the vascular cambian produce? What do we see it as?

Answer 33

Secondary Xylem- Wood | Secondary Phloem- Inner Back

Question 34

What does cork cambian produce? What do we see it as?

Answer 34

Periderm- Cork

Question 35

What are the steps to the division of the vascular cambian?

Answer 35

Cell Division- Daughter Cells Cell Enlargement Cell Differentiation

Question 36

What does the division of the vascular cambian produce?

Answer 36

Secondary xylem and the secondary phloem

Question 37

What does a variance in the secondary xylem lead to? What does this mean?

Answer 37

Annular Growth- ringlike figure, part, structure, or marking, such as a growth ring which tells us the plants age.

Question 38

During annular growth, what season(s) produces larger vessels and tracheids?

Answer 38

Early Spring

Question 39

During annular growth, what season(s) produce smaller vessels, tracheids and fibers?

Answer 39

Late Summer

Question 40

What are the function(s) of the cork cambian?

Answer 40

Suberin Prevents water loss Protection Epidermis isolation

Question 41

True or False: Suberin is a permeable waxy substance.

Answer 41

False: it is an impermeable waxy substance.

Question 42

Where does the cork cambian form?

Answer 42

Under the epidermis

Question 43

What are the steps to the division of the cork cambian?

Answer 43

Cell division- daughter cells Cell elongation Cell differentiation

Question 44

What does the division of the cork cambian produce?

Answer 44

Cork cell

Question 45

What is the term that describes a cellular plant tissue from which phloem, xylem, or cork grow by division, resulting (in woody plants) in secondary thickening.

Answer 45

Cambia