Plant Kingdom

Question 0

Sexual reproduction of the plant contains 2 alternating processes. What are they and what do they do?

Answer 0

1. Meiosis: the chromosome number is reduced from the diploid to the haploid number
2. Fertilization: the nuclei of the 2 gametes fuse which increases the number of chromosomes from haploid to diploid

Question 1

What are 4 basic characteristics of the plant?

Answer 1

1. Plants are multicellular, autotrophic, eukaryotes
2. Has cell walls made of cellulose which stores food in form of starch
3. Have chloroplasts and chlorophyll
4. Most plants are terrestrial (but the are some exceptions)

Question 2

What is gametophyte generation?

Answer 2

A spore (haploid) goes through sexual reproduction to produce a zygote (diploid) which begins the sporophyte generation.

Question 3

What is the sporophyte generation?

Answer 3

A zygote (diploid) will go under meiosis to form spores (haploid) starting the gametophyte generation.

Question 4

What did aquatic plants evolve from?

Answer 4

Single-celled aquatic algae

Question 5

Fill in the blank: The evolution of plant occurred in ________ stages.

Answer 5

Several

Question 6

What did terrestrial plants evolve from?

Answer 6

Aquatic plants

Question 7

What 4 problems occurred by aquatic plants living in terrestrial habitats?

Answer 7

1. Obtaining water and nutrients from the soil
2. Holding the plant up against gravity
3. Loss of water to the air around the plant
4. Reproduction without swimming sperm

Question 8

What is a gamete?

Answer 8

A specialized reproductive cell that unites with either a male and a female (sperm or egg) to produce a zygote

Question 9

What is a division (plant phylum) of non-vascular plants? What are some examples on non-vascular plants?

Answer 9

Bryophyte which include mosses, liverworts, hortworts

Question 10

What do bryophytes (eg. mosses) lack that cause the plants to be low growing and live in moist environments?

Answer 10

Bryophytes have no systems therefore lack roots, stem, and leaves to transport water or nutrients. That is why the live in moist environments and are low growing

Question 11

Bryophytes (eg. mosses) reproduces asexually by __________ ___________ or sexually by swimming sperm (alternation generation)

Answer 11

Vegetative Propagation (reproduction). Which means a small segment of the the plant breaks off and creates an identical plant asexually

Question 12

What is the moss life cycle?

Answer 12

1. Gametophyte (haploid) is the visible green moss plant
2. In the female gametophyte, the archegonium produces haploid egg cells by mitosis
3. In the male gametophyte, the antheridium produces haploid sperm by mitosis
4. Sperm swim to egg in archegonium which results in a zygote. (Diploid sporophyte generation begins)
5. Sporophyte grows a long stalk and capsule out of the top of the gametophyte
6. Meiosis within the capsule produces haploid spores to continue life cycle
7. The spores grow by meiosis into female and male gametophytes

Question 13

What are peat bogs?

Answer 13

A poorly drained low-lying ground where water sits n collects. Decomposing plant matter (made of moss and are highly acidic) reduces oxygen in the water which slows the decay of plant materials

Question 14

What is soil amendment?

Answer 14

The most common use for peat to slow down drainage of fast draining soil as peat is very efficient at retaining water. This allows plants to draw nourishment from the soil through its roots and will also make the soil more rich and usable overtime (peat doesn’t actually add nutrients though)

Question 15

What is a division (plant phylum) of vascular plants? What are some examples?

Answer 15

Tracheophyte. Some examples are club mosses, horsetails, and ferns

Question 16

What kind of system do tracheophytes have to transport nutrients and water throughout the plant?

Answer 16

The system of the xylem and phloem.

Question 17

What does having a xylem and phloem system allow a plant to do?

Answer 17

Transport water and nutrients throughout the plant which allows the plant to grow taller and live further away from water.

Question 18

Where do club mosses and horsetails grow? Where do ferns live? What do all three plants have in common?

Answer 18

1. On marshes and stream edges.
2. In shady moist environments.
3. They are all spore producing plants

Question 19

Spores are produced in sporangia on the underside of fern’s leaves which are called ______?

Answer 19

Fronds

Question 20

Explain the fern life cycle?

Answer 20

1. The adult fern is a diploid sporophyte generation
2. Clusters of sporangium (sorus/sori) form on the underside of fronds
3. Meiosis in sporangia produces haploid spores
4. Spores will grow to develop into a haploid gametophyte generation (tiny heart-shaped structure
5. On the gametophyte, the male antheridium produces haploid sperm and the female archegonium produces haploid eggs.
6. Sperm swims to egg to fertilize, mitosis produces diploid embryo
7. Embryo continues to grow to become a mature sporophyte generation

Question 21

What are 5 characteristics of seed-producing plants?

Answer 21

1. Very diverse
2. Highly specialized leaves, roots, stem
3. Seeds produced in cones of flowers
4. Water is not required for reproductive cycle (seeds can survive in dry environments)
   Sexual reproduction via pollination

Question 22

What are gymnosperms and what are some examples of the plant?

Answer 22

Gymnosperms are seed producing vascular plants that have cones that produce pollen and ouvles (eggs)

Question 23

Explain the life cycle of a gymnosperm.

Answer 23

1. Mature tree is diploid sporophyte
2. Microspore mother cells in male cone undergo meiosis to produce sperm cells inside pollen grains
3. Megaspore mother cells in female cone undergo meiosis to produce haploid egg cells
4. Pollen is carried my wind to female cones to fertilize eggs
5. Diploid embryo develops/grows inside each seed
6. Seed grows and matures to become diploid sporophyte generation

Question 24

What are angiosperms and what has made them such successful plants (as they many common plants)?

Answer 24

Angiosperms are seed producing vascular plants that contain their seeds inside their fruit and they flower. These plants have co-evolved with insects to improve pollination.

Question 25

Explain the life cycle of an angiosperm.

Answer 25

1. Mature plant with flowers is a diploid sporophyte generation 2. Microspore cells in the male anther undergoes meiosis during gametophyte generation to produce haploid sperm cells within pollen grains 3. Megaspore cells in the female ouvles of the female ovary undergoes meiosis to produce haploid cells 4. Sperm cell will fertilize an egg cell to produce a zygote 5. Embryo will be enclosed in a seed that will grow to become a mature sporophyte plant

Question 26

What is self pollination?

Answer 26

Self pollination is plant that can use it's own pollen for fertilization but creates less variation in offspring

Question 27

What is cross-pollination?

Answer 27

Cross-pollination is when an insect or the wind carries pollen from one plant to a different plant of the same species to fertilize. This will create more variation in off spring.

Question 28

What is double fertilization?

Answer 28

A pollen grain has 2 nuclei which goes through the style (stem) into the ovary where the pollen nuclei divides into 2 sperm cells. 1 sperm cell fertilizes the egg to form a diploid zygote and the other sperm cell fuses with 2 female polar nuclei to form a triploid (3n) cell that becomes an endospore (food supply for zygote/embryo). The ovary will develop into a fruit which encloses seeds.

Question 29

What is the definition of germinate?

Answer 29

Germinate means to grow or develop into a plant, from a seed or spore, etc.

Question 30

What are 8 seed dispersal methods?

Answer 30

1. Water 2. Hooks onto fur 3. Sticky on fur 4. Eaten in fruit then deposited 5. Bursting fruit 6. Shaker fruit 7. Drop and roll fruit 8. Wind

Question 31

How are angiosperms classified?

Answer 31

Monocots (such as grasses and palms) and dicots (such as trees and other common plants)

Question 32

What are the characteristics of an angiosperm monocot?

Answer 32

1. Leaves that have parallel veins 2. Embryo has one cotyledon 3. Vascular tissue in stem is scattered 4. Root system is fibrous

Question 33

What are the characteristics of an angiosperm dicot?

Answer 33

1. Leaves exhibit net like veins 2. Embryo has 2 cotyledons 3. Vascular tissues in stems arranged in a ring 4. Has one main taproot

Question 34

Land plants arose from aquatic ancestors and became adapted to land. What did true aquatic plant arise from?

Answer 34

Land plants

Question 35

True or false: All plants are multicellular

Answer 35

True

Question 36

Do all plants exhibit alteration generation?

Answer 36

Yes but it varies in which generation is more dominant