Plant Morphology Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
The cotyledons serve as sole food storage organs.
A
Non-endospermic seeds:
2
Q
is a small embryonic root.
A
radicle
3
Q
Specialized functions of the root
A
Support, Protection, Reproduction, Storage, Photosynthesis, and Aeration (Pneumatophores)
4
Q
The process by which two gametes
fuse to become a zygote, which
develops into a new organism.
A
fertilization
5
Q
The main components of the embryo are:
A
- Cotyledons - the seed leaves
- Epicotyl
- Plumule
- Hypocotyl
- radicle
6
Q
pollens that have a lightweight, small,
and smooth (corn pollen)
pollen
A
Wind-pollinated
7
Q
Complex patterned flowers
A
compound
8
Q
Difference between the vascular tissues of Monocot and Dicot roots
A
Monocot forms rings while Dicot forms X
9
Q
Inflorescence can be:
A
indeterminate inflorescence and determinate inflorescence
10
Q
Pollen from the anther of one plant is transferred
to the stigma of a different plant.
A
Cross Pollination
11
Q
Where do leaves develop
A
nodes
12
Q
with wing-like outgrowths of the pericarp
A
Samara
13
Q
The essential parts of a flower can be considered
in to two
A
Vegetative (consisting of petals and associated
structures in the perianth) and Reproductive (sexual parts)
14
Q
the transfer of pollen from the male anther to the female stigma
A
pollination
15
Q
a one-seeded fruit with a hard or stony pericarp,
sometimes, with the envolucral cup, as in acorns,
enclosing the stony pericarp
A
nut
16
Q
Fruit Function:
A
it protects the developing seeds and plays an important role in seed dispersal
17
Q
characteristic of the Cucurbitaceae (gourd family), with a
hard exocarp and soft mesocarp and endocarp (cucumber,
squash, etc.)
A
pepo
18
Q
Types of leaves
A
Simple and Compound
19
Q
Single patterned flowers
A
simple
20
Q
Why is pollination important?
A
- Sexual reproduction is important for
evolution. - Sexual reproduction produces
variable offspring, creating diversity
and variation among populations
(shuffling of genes).
21
Q
are specialized seed leaves which develop from the plumule and
occur singly in most monocot seeds but two in dicot seeds.
A
Cotyledons
22
Q
begins when
tube begins to grow
toward the egg
A
fertilization
23
Q
the wall of the fruit
A
pericarp
24
Q
Parts of the stem
A
nodes, internodes, lenticels, axillary bud, terminal bud
25
fusion of likes, such as
the fusion of the petals
(sympetalous or gamopetalous) or
sepals (synsepalous).
connate
26
take in CO2 and release O2 during
Photosynthesis
27
is all of the parts that make up the male part of the flower
androecium
28
presence or absence of the 4 whorls of organs
Complete vs Incomplete Flowers
29
Factors influencing seed germination
* Water
* Oxygen
* Temperature
* Light
30
take in O2 and release CO2 during
respiration
31
characteristic of the family
Leguminosae, splits along two (the dorsal and
ventral) sutures
legume
32
contain a plant’s reproductive organs
flower
33
other name for sepals
calyx
34
Flowers will prevent self-
pollination by either:
* having stigma above the
stamen or by
* having stamen and stigma
mature at different times
35
pollens that have sticky and barbed pollen grains
Insect-pollinated
36
Major functions of roots
Anchorage and absorption
37
Types of pollinators
Biotic and abiotic pollinators (eg. wind and animals)
38
palisade and spongy are mesophylls for dicots, how many are there in monocots?
one
39
Positions of Ovary
Superior, Half-inferior, Inferior
40
A process that causes a seed to begin to grow into a new plant.
Seed germination
41
characteristic of the citrus family; a type of
berry with a thick leathery rind
Hesperidium
42
Purpose of primary growth
lengthens the shoots and roots
43
why is Self-pollination is not
desirable
it reduces variations
44
are derived from a single ovary of one
flower
simple fruits
45
Primary meristems of the root tip
Protoderm,
Procambium, and
Ground Meristem
46
flowers in a cluster
inflorescence
47
Plants with separate male flowers and female flowers on the same plant
Monoecious
48
is the transition zone between the rudimentary root and shoot;
hypocotyl
49
Parts of Compound leaves
leaflets, petiole, petiolule, rachis, stipules
50
Types of Inflorescence:
Catkin, Composite or Head (capitulum), spike, raceme (Panicle, Corymb), umbel, Cyme or dichasium, Thyrse, Spadix
51
splits along two or more sutures in a variety
of ways;
capsule
52
Types of leaf attachment
Petiolate and Sessile
53
Perfect vs Imperfect Flowers
flower sexuality
54
the fleshy portion is made up of either the much
thickened calyx or the hypanthium
pome
55
from an ovary of two carpels which at
maturity splits into three portions with the central
persistent portion containing the seeds attached
to it as in the mustard family
Silique
56
characteristic of the Apiaceae
(Umbelliferae) or carrot family, which is derived
from two carpels that split at maturity along the
midline into two one-seeded indehiscent halves
Schizocarp
57
Plants with perfect flowers
Hermaphroditic
58
a single flower in a peduncle
solitary
59
Main difference for monocot and dicot in terms of leaf structure
veins, monocots have parallel veins while dicots have pinnate or palmate
60
Difference between the vascular tissues of Monocot and Dicot stem
Monocots have scattered vascular tissue, while the dicots have formed a ring
61
Types of leaf arrangement or phyllotaxy
alternate, opposite, whorled, distichous, decussate
62
Secondary growth parts from outer to inner parts
Periderm, Cork Cambium, Cortex, Primary Phloem, Secondary Phloem, Vascular Cambium, Secondary Xylem, Primary Xylem, Pith
63
A typical seed includes four basic parts:
1- Ovule
2- Seed coat
3- Endosperm
4- Embryo
64
Pollen from the anther is
transferred to the stigma of
the same flower.
Self-pollination
65
Purpose of secondary growth
adds girth to stem and roots
66
other name for petals
corolla
67
The main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants
Leaf
68
with the whole pericarp fleshy; the
seeds usually embedded in the pulp
Berry or baccate fruit
69
The growing tip of the epicotyl is the
plumule
70
a one-seeded fruit with the pericarp closely
appressed with the seed coat
Achene
71
is the tissue produced inside the seeds of most flowering
plants around the time of fertilization.
– It surrounds the embryo and provides nutrition in the form
of starch, though it can also contain oils and protein.
– It forms a supply of nutrients for the embryo in most monocotyledons
and the endospermic dicotyledons.
Endosperm
72
is a tiny shoot from which the entire plant shoot system develops.
Epicotyl
73
Plants with only male flowers
Andromonoecious
74
What parts are the bark
secondary phloem outwards
75
are found only in the angiosperms.
fruit
76
The ovary becomes a ____
while the ovules develop into ____
fruit, seeds
77
is all of the parts that make up the female part of the flower
Gynoecium
78
Described as the central axis
Stem
79
Cell regions of the root
Zone of Maturation
Zone of Elongation
Zone of Cell Division
Root cap
80
with the pericarp fused with the
seed coat of the single seed
Grain or caryopsis
81
Basic parts of a flower
Stamen (Anther and filament), Pistil (stigma, style, ovary), petals, sepals, ovule, receptacle, peduncle
82
Parts of simple leaves
Petiole, midrib, blade, apex, lateral veins, margin, stipules
83
Other term for photosynthetic roots
Assimilatory roots
84
Types of modified stems
bulb, tubers, rhizomes, corms, stolon, and cladophylls
85
types of modified leaves
tendrils, bracts, spines, storage, and reproductive
86
Functions of the stem
Support, conduction of materials such as water and minerals, and storage
87
fusion of unlike parts
such as the attachment of the stamens to the petals
adnate
88
Plants with only female flowers
Gynoecious
89
similar to an achene but with a loose,
bladderlike pericarp
Utricle
90
Types of compound leaves
pinnately compound (odd and even), twice pinnately compound, palmately compound, trifoliate
91
are formed from several ovaries
of several flowers more or less
grown together into a single mass
as in the jackfruit.
Multiple fruits or collective fruits
92
Primary growth parts from outer to inner parts
Epidermis, Cortex, Primary Phloem, Primary Xylem, Pith
93
This is desirable in plants as it promotes
variation.
Cross Pollination
94
Plants with male flowers and female flowers on separate plants
dioecious
95
are formed from the ovaries of many
pistils of one flower as in the strawberry or the sour
sop (guyabano)
Aggregate fruits
96
regions of dividing cells of vascular cambium
fusiform initials and ray initials
97
with a hard and stony endocarp and more or less soft
exocarp and mesocarp (e.g.: peach, coconut, etc.
drupe
98
Other name for root cap
Calyptra
99
Types of root systems
Taproot and Fibrous root systems
100
Types of leaf venation
Parallel (for monocots), palmate, and pinnate venation
101
The tiny stalk of an individual flower in an inflorescence
is called a
pedicel
102
Three Layers of Pericarp:
1. Exocarp - outermost layer
2. Mesocarp – middle layer
3. Endocarp - inner layer (tissue)
103
splits along one (ventral) suture
follicle
104
Factors affecting Photosynthesis
Light (important),
CO2 availability (important),
Temperature,
water,
Nutrients,
Leaf age,
Carbohydrate Translocation.
105
First stage of photosynthesis
Light dependent reaction
106
Processes of Light dependent reaction (in order)
Photosystem II -> Cytochrome complex -> Photosystem I -> NADP+ reductase
107
SECOND STAGE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
CALVIN CYCLE
108
Phases of Calvin Cycle
Phase 1 - Carbon fixation
Phase 2 - Reduction
Phase 3 -Regeneration of CO2 Acceptor (RuBP)
109
Sugar output of photosynthesis
G3P (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate)
110
Equation for Photosynthesis
CO2 + H2O + Light = CH2O + O2
111
WATER + CARBON DIOXIDE
Carbonic Acid
112
formula for aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 +6H2O + 36 ATP
113
photolysis of water
split H and O
114
the higher the rate of bubbles the higher the ____
rate of photosynthesis or photosynthetic activity
115
_____ occurs only in photosystem I
Cyclic Photosynthesis
116
Forms ATP without NADPH
Cyclic Photosynthesis
117
Forms ATP with NADPH
Non-cyclic Photosynthesis
118
Catalyzes the carboxylation or oxygelation
Rubisco
119
the purpose for the change from glucose to sucrose
transport
120
what type of reaction is respiration
exergonic reaction (gives off heat)
121
transpiration : plants
_______ : animals
sweating or perspiration
122
aerobic respiration have presence of what
oxygen
123
4 classes of the kingdom plantae
Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms
124
Examples of Bryophytes
Mosses, Hornworts, Liverworts
125
Examples of Pteridophytes
Ferns, Lycophytes, horsetails, spike mosses, club mosses
126
Examples of gymnosperms
gnetophytes, ginkgos, conifers, cycads
127
Examples of angiosperms
monocots, dicots, magnoliids, basal group
128
fruit and seed dispersal
1. by wind
2. by water
3. by animals
129
kinds of fruit
1. simple fleshy
2. simple dry
3. aggregate
4. multiple
130
types of simple fleshy fruits
pome, drupe, berry, hesperidium, pepos
131
types of simple dry fruit
dehiscent and indehiscent
132
where is the water movement in plants
xylem
133
phases of germination
phase I - imbibition (water activation)
phase II - Metabolism activation
phase III - growth and cell elongation
134
phases of aerobic respiration
glycolysis at cytosol;
krebs cycle at mitochondria matrix;
electron transport system at mitochondria inner membrane
135
transpiration sites/types
1. lenticular (10% of all transpiration happens here)
2. stomatal (81% of all transpiration happens here)
3. cuticular (9% of all transpiration happens here)
