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AGRC1021 End Sem > Plant Resource Acquisition & Transport > Flashcards

Plant Resource Acquisition & Transport Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

What is taken up and released in photosynthesis?

A

CO2 is taken up and O2 released through the stomata of leaves and green stems

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2
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The loss of water from leaves (mostly stomata) that creates a force

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3
Q

What force does transpiration create?

A

A force within leaves that pulls xylem sap upwards

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4
Q

What are water and minerals transported upwards as?

A

Xylem sap

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5
Q

Where and how are water and minerals absorbed?

A

In the soil by roots

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6
Q

When and by what are sugars produced

A

Photosynthesis, in the leaves

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7
Q

True or false; phloem sap can travel both ways between roots and shoots

A

True

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8
Q

What do root cells exchange gases with in cellular respiration?

A

Soil air spaces

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9
Q

What is taken in and what is discharged in respiration?

A

O2 is taken in and CO2 is discharged

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10
Q

Why would plant species need to grow tall?

A

To avoid shading neighbours

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11
Q

Why would plant species need to branch?

A

To allow for greater light access

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12
Q

Why would a downside to having a larger leaf area be?

A

Large leaf area leads to greater water loss

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13
Q

In what environment to plants usually have a larger leaf area?

A

Plants in warm, moist environments

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14
Q

Why would plant species have a rounded leaf shape?

A

To reduce surface areas to reduce heat absorption

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15
Q

What is the function of thick waxy cuticles on leaves?

A

Reduces water loss

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16
Q

In what environment to plants usually have a smaller leaf area?

A

Plants in arid, cold environments

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17
Q

What is Phyllotaxy?

A

The arrangement of leaves on the stem

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18
Q

What is phyllotaxy designed to do?

A

Maximise light capture by reducing self shading

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19
Q

What is Alternate phyllotaxy?

A

1 leaf per node (Most angiosperms)

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20
Q

What is opposite phyllotaxy?

A

2 leafs per node

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21
Q

What is spiral phyllotaxy?

A

1 leaf per node

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22
Q

What does Leaf orientation determine?

A

Length of sun exposure

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23
Q

What does plant height and branching impact?

A

Light capture

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24
Q

What does leaf area and growth impact?

A

Light capture and water loss

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25
What does Leaf orientation impact?
Light capture, water loss and UV damage (in some environments)
26
What is Root system architecture?
The distribution, length, angle and number of individual roots and root hairs
27
What are roots likely to look like under a P deficit?
Shallower with more roots at the surface
28
What are the two major compartments of plant tissues?
1. Apoplast 2. Symplast
29
What is the apoplast?
The continuum of cell walls and extracellular spaces
30
What is the symplast?
The continuum of cytosol connected by plasmodesmata
31
What are the three major transport pathways through plant tissues?
1. Apoplastic path 2. Symplastic path 3. Transcellular path
32
What is the Transcellular path?
Water crosses the plasma membrane of each cell in its path twice *(once to enter and once to exit)*
33
What is the Apoplastic path?
Through cell wall - water moves without crossing plasma membrane
34
What is the Symplastic path?
Through plasmodesmata - Plasma membrane crossed once, travels via plasmodesmata
35
How is the charge distributed in water molecules?
Asymmetrically
36
What bonds does water form?
Intermolecular hydrogen bonds
37
What 3 things does hydrogen bonding give rise to in water molecules?
1. Cohesion 2. Adhesion 3. Capillarity
38
What is cohesion of water molecules?
The mutual attraction between water molecules due to extensive hydrogen bonding
39
What is adhesion of water molecules?
The attraction of water to a solid phase such as a cell wall or glass surface, due to the formation of primary bonds
40
What is capillarity of water molecules?
The movement of water for small distances up a glass capillary tube or within a cell wall, due to water’s cohesion, adhesion and surface tension
41
What is diffusion?
Movement of substances due to random thermal agitation from regions of high free energy to regions of low free energy (e.g. from high to low concentration)
42
When is diffusion faster?
- The concentration gradient dc/dx is steeper - The area A is larger - The distance x is smaller - D is larger
43
What is osmosis?
The net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane toward the region of more negative water potential, ψ (lower concentration of water)
44
Which way does water move in osmotic gradients?
Down
45
Define Osmotic potential:
The tendency of water to move from one place to another due to differences in solute concentrations - The osmotic potential of pure water is 0.
46
Define Osmolarity:
A unit of concentration expressed as moles of total dissolved solutes per litre of solution (mol L-1). In biology the solvent is usually water
47
Salt water has a lower osmotic potential than cells, so water flows...
Outwards from the cell
48
What is pressure potential?
The hydrostatic pressure of a solution in excess of ambient atmospheric pressure
49
What is turgor pressure?
The positive hydrostatic pressure within plant cells
50
Water potential equation
Sum of the pressure potential (Ψp) and the osmotic potential (Ψπ) Ψw = Ψp + Ψπ
51
What are Aquaporins?
Integral membrane proteins that form channels across a membrane and facilitate water movement
52
What is bulk flow?
The movement of liquid in response to a pressure gradient
53
What plant structures facilitate bulk flow?
Xylem and phloem
54
What are perforated plates?
Cell walls with openings to allow water to pass through
55
What are perforated sieve plates?
Connecting points between adjacent sieve tube members, facilitating the transport of sugars and other materials throughout the plant
56
What are short distance transport mechanisms in plants?
Diffusion, active transport, facilitated diffusion and osmosis
57
What are long distance transport mechanisms in plants?
Vascular tissues xylem and phloem
58
What is a Casparian strip?
A band in the cell walls of the endodermis that is impregnated with lignin.
59
What do casparian strips do?
Prevents apoplastic movement of water and solutes into the stele
60
What are tracheids?
Water-conducting cell in the xylem which lacks perforations in the cell wall
61
What are plant vessels?
Long, continuous tubes formed by a series of dead cells aligned end-to-end, facilitating efficient water transport
62
How does water move through the xylem?
Pressure-driven bulk flow
63
What is Cohesion-tension theory of sap ascent
64
What is the driving force of water flow through plants?
Evaporation powered by solar energy
65
What is the Stomatal complex
The guard cells, subsidiary cells, and stomatal pore, which together regulate transpiration
66
Where are the majority of stomata usually found?
Leaf underside
67
What is stomatal density dependent on?
Genetics and environment
68
What do guard cells do?
Help balance water conservation with gas exchange for photosynthesis
69
When do stomata open?
When guard cells are turgid
70
When do stomata close?
When guard cells are flaccid
71
What happens to stomata when guard cells are turgid?
They open
72
What happens to stomata when guard cells are flaccid?
They close
73
What is the stimuli for stomatal opening and closing?
Plant hormone **abscisic acid**
74
What does phloem do?
Translocates the products of photosynthesis
75
What is phloem loading?
The movement of photosynthetic products into the sieve elements
76
What generates the positive pressure in phloem?
Uptake of water
77
78
Which region of the root is permeable to water?
The ends

AGRC1021 End Sem (11 decks)

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